wiki.techinc.nl/includes/language/Language.php

<?php
/**
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
 * http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
 *
 * @file
 */

/**
 * @defgroup Language Internationalisation
 *
 * See https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation for more information.
 */

/**
 * @defgroup Languages Languages
 * @ingroup Language
 */

use CLDRPluralRuleParser\Evaluator;
use MediaWiki\HookContainer\HookContainer;
use MediaWiki\HookContainer\HookRunner;
use MediaWiki\Languages\LanguageConverterFactory;
use MediaWiki\Languages\LanguageFallback;
use MediaWiki\Languages\LanguageNameUtils;
use MediaWiki\Logger\LoggerFactory;
use MediaWiki\MainConfigNames;
use MediaWiki\MediaWikiServices;
use MediaWiki\Parser\MagicWord;
use MediaWiki\Specials\SpecialBlock;
use MediaWiki\User\UserIdentity;
use MediaWiki\User\UserTimeCorrection;
use Wikimedia\Assert\Assert;
use Wikimedia\AtEase\AtEase;
use Wikimedia\Bcp47Code\Bcp47Code;
use Wikimedia\DebugInfo\DebugInfoTrait;

/**
 * Base class for language-specific code.
 *
 * See https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation for more information.
 *
 * @ingroup Language
 */
class Language implements Bcp47Code {
	use DebugInfoTrait;

	/** @var string */
	public $mCode;

	/**
	 * @deprecated since 1.35, use LocalisationCache with custom language config
	 */
	public $mMagicExtensions = [];

	/** @var string|null */
	private $mHtmlCode = null;

	/**
	 * memoize
	 * @var string[][]
	 * @deprecated since 1.35, must be private
	 */
	public $dateFormatStrings = [];

	/**
	 * memoize
	 * @var string[][]|null
	 * @deprecated since 1.35, must be protected
	 */
	public $mExtendedSpecialPageAliases;

	/** @var array<int,string>|null Indexed by numeric namespace ID */
	protected $namespaceNames;
	/** @var array<string,int>|null Indexed by localized lower-cased namespace name */
	protected $mNamespaceIds;
	/** @var array<string,int>|null Map from alias to namespace ID */
	protected $namespaceAliases;

	/**
	 * @var ReplacementArray[]
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $transformData = [];

	/**
	 * @var NamespaceInfo
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $namespaceInfo;

	/**
	 * @var LocalisationCache
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $localisationCache;

	/**
	 * @var LanguageNameUtils
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $langNameUtils;

	/**
	 * @var LanguageFallback
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $langFallback;

	/**
	 * @var array[]|null
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $grammarTransformCache;

	/**
	 * @var LanguageConverterFactory
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $converterFactory;

	/**
	 * @var HookContainer
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $hookContainer;

	/**
	 * @var HookRunner
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $hookRunner;

	/**
	 * @var Config
	 * @noVarDump
	 */
	private $config;

	/**
	 * @var array|null
	 */
	private $overrideUcfirstCharacters;

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const WEEKDAY_MESSAGES = [
		'sunday', 'monday', 'tuesday', 'wednesday', 'thursday',
		'friday', 'saturday'
	];

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const WEEKDAY_ABBREVIATED_MESSAGES = [
		'sun', 'mon', 'tue', 'wed', 'thu', 'fri', 'sat'
	];

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const MONTH_MESSAGES = [
		'january', 'february', 'march', 'april', 'may_long', 'june',
		'july', 'august', 'september', 'october', 'november',
		'december'
	];

	/**
	 * @deprecated since 1.35, use the MONTH_MESSAGES constant
	 */
	public static $mMonthMsgs = self::MONTH_MESSAGES;

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const MONTH_GENITIVE_MESSAGES = [
		'january-gen', 'february-gen', 'march-gen', 'april-gen', 'may-gen', 'june-gen',
		'july-gen', 'august-gen', 'september-gen', 'october-gen', 'november-gen',
		'december-gen'
	];

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const MONTH_ABBREVIATED_MESSAGES = [
		'jan', 'feb', 'mar', 'apr', 'may', 'jun', 'jul', 'aug',
		'sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec'
	];

	/**
	 * @deprecated since 1.35, use the MONTH_ABBREVIATED_MESSAGES constant
	 */
	public static $mMonthAbbrevMsgs = self::MONTH_ABBREVIATED_MESSAGES;

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const IRANIAN_CALENDAR_MONTHS_MESSAGES = [
		'iranian-calendar-m1', 'iranian-calendar-m2', 'iranian-calendar-m3',
		'iranian-calendar-m4', 'iranian-calendar-m5', 'iranian-calendar-m6',
		'iranian-calendar-m7', 'iranian-calendar-m8', 'iranian-calendar-m9',
		'iranian-calendar-m10', 'iranian-calendar-m11', 'iranian-calendar-m12'
	];

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const HEBREW_CALENDAR_MONTHS_MESSAGES = [
		'hebrew-calendar-m1', 'hebrew-calendar-m2', 'hebrew-calendar-m3',
		'hebrew-calendar-m4', 'hebrew-calendar-m5', 'hebrew-calendar-m6',
		'hebrew-calendar-m7', 'hebrew-calendar-m8', 'hebrew-calendar-m9',
		'hebrew-calendar-m10', 'hebrew-calendar-m11', 'hebrew-calendar-m12',
		'hebrew-calendar-m6a', 'hebrew-calendar-m6b'
	];

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const HEBREW_CALENDAR_MONTH_GENITIVE_MESSAGES = [
		'hebrew-calendar-m1-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m2-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m3-gen',
		'hebrew-calendar-m4-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m5-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m6-gen',
		'hebrew-calendar-m7-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m8-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m9-gen',
		'hebrew-calendar-m10-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m11-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m12-gen',
		'hebrew-calendar-m6a-gen', 'hebrew-calendar-m6b-gen'
	];

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	public const HIJRI_CALENDAR_MONTH_MESSAGES = [
		'hijri-calendar-m1', 'hijri-calendar-m2', 'hijri-calendar-m3',
		'hijri-calendar-m4', 'hijri-calendar-m5', 'hijri-calendar-m6',
		'hijri-calendar-m7', 'hijri-calendar-m8', 'hijri-calendar-m9',
		'hijri-calendar-m10', 'hijri-calendar-m11', 'hijri-calendar-m12'
	];

	/**
	 * @since 1.35
	 */
	protected const DURATION_INTERVALS = [
		'millennia' => 31556952000,
		'centuries' => 3155695200,
		'decades' => 315569520,
		'years' => 31556952, // 86400 * ( 365 + ( 24 * 3 + 25 ) / 400 )
		'weeks' => 604800,
		'days' => 86400,
		'hours' => 3600,
		'minutes' => 60,
		'seconds' => 1,
	];

	/**
	 * @deprecated since 1.35, use the DURATION_INTERVALS constant
	 * @since 1.20
	 * @var int[]
	 */
	public static $durationIntervals = self::DURATION_INTERVALS;

	/**
	 * Unicode directional formatting characters, for embedBidi()
	 */
	private const LRE = "\u{202A}"; // U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING
	private const RLE = "\u{202B}"; // U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING
	private const PDF = "\u{202C}"; // U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING

	/**
	 * Directionality test regex for embedBidi(). Matches the first strong directionality codepoint:
	 * - in group 1 if it is LTR
	 * - in group 2 if it is RTL
	 * Does not match if there is no strong directionality codepoint.
	 *
	 * The form is '/(?:([strong ltr codepoint])|([strong rtl codepoint]))/u' .
	 *
	 * Generated by UnicodeJS (see tools/strongDir) from the UCD; see
	 * https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/unicodejs .
	 */
	// @codeCoverageIgnoreStart
	// phpcs:ignore Generic.Files.LineLength
	private static $strongDirRegex = '/(?:([\x{41}-\x{5a}\x{61}-\x{7a}\x{aa}\x{b5}\x{ba}\x{c0}-\x{d6}\x{d8}-\x{f6}\x{f8}-\x{2b8}\x{2bb}-\x{2c1}\x{2d0}\x{2d1}\x{2e0}-\x{2e4}\x{2ee}\x{370}-\x{373}\x{376}\x{377}\x{37a}-\x{37d}\x{37f}\x{386}\x{388}-\x{38a}\x{38c}\x{38e}-\x{3a1}\x{3a3}-\x{3f5}\x{3f7}-\x{482}\x{48a}-\x{52f}\x{531}-\x{556}\x{559}-\x{55f}\x{561}-\x{587}\x{589}\x{903}-\x{939}\x{93b}\x{93d}-\x{940}\x{949}-\x{94c}\x{94e}-\x{950}\x{958}-\x{961}\x{964}-\x{980}\x{982}\x{983}\x{985}-\x{98c}\x{98f}\x{990}\x{993}-\x{9a8}\x{9aa}-\x{9b0}\x{9b2}\x{9b6}-\x{9b9}\x{9bd}-\x{9c0}\x{9c7}\x{9c8}\x{9cb}\x{9cc}\x{9ce}\x{9d7}\x{9dc}\x{9dd}\x{9df}-\x{9e1}\x{9e6}-\x{9f1}\x{9f4}-\x{9fa}\x{a03}\x{a05}-\x{a0a}\x{a0f}\x{a10}\x{a13}-\x{a28}\x{a2a}-\x{a30}\x{a32}\x{a33}\x{a35}\x{a36}\x{a38}\x{a39}\x{a3e}-\x{a40}\x{a59}-\x{a5c}\x{a5e}\x{a66}-\x{a6f}\x{a72}-\x{a74}\x{a83}\x{a85}-\x{a8d}\x{a8f}-\x{a91}\x{a93}-\x{aa8}\x{aaa}-\x{ab0}\x{ab2}\x{ab3}\x{ab5}-\x{ab9}\x{abd}-\x{ac0}\x{ac9}\x{acb}\x{acc}\x{ad0}\x{ae0}\x{ae1}\x{ae6}-\x{af0}\x{af9}\x{b02}\x{b03}\x{b05}-\x{b0c}\x{b0f}\x{b10}\x{b13}-\x{b28}\x{b2a}-\x{b30}\x{b32}\x{b33}\x{b35}-\x{b39}\x{b3d}\x{b3e}\x{b40}\x{b47}\x{b48}\x{b4b}\x{b4c}\x{b57}\x{b5c}\x{b5d}\x{b5f}-\x{b61}\x{b66}-\x{b77}\x{b83}\x{b85}-\x{b8a}\x{b8e}-\x{b90}\x{b92}-\x{b95}\x{b99}\x{b9a}\x{b9c}\x{b9e}\x{b9f}\x{ba3}\x{ba4}\x{ba8}-\x{baa}\x{bae}-\x{bb9}\x{bbe}\x{bbf}\x{bc1}\x{bc2}\x{bc6}-\x{bc8}\x{bca}-\x{bcc}\x{bd0}\x{bd7}\x{be6}-\x{bf2}\x{c01}-\x{c03}\x{c05}-\x{c0c}\x{c0e}-\x{c10}\x{c12}-\x{c28}\x{c2a}-\x{c39}\x{c3d}\x{c41}-\x{c44}\x{c58}-\x{c5a}\x{c60}\x{c61}\x{c66}-\x{c6f}\x{c7f}\x{c82}\x{c83}\x{c85}-\x{c8c}\x{c8e}-\x{c90}\x{c92}-\x{ca8}\x{caa}-\x{cb3}\x{cb5}-\x{cb9}\x{cbd}-\x{cc4}\x{cc6}-\x{cc8}\x{cca}\x{ccb}\x{cd5}\x{cd6}\x{cde}\x{ce0}\x{ce1}\x{ce6}-\x{cef}\x{cf1}\x{cf2}\x{d02}\x{d03}\x{d05}-\x{d0c}\x{d0e}-\x{d10}\x{d12}-\x{d3a}\x{d3d}-\x{d40}\x{d46}-\x{d48}\x{d4a}-\x{d4c}\x{d4e}\x{d57}\x{d5f}-\x{d61}\x{d66}-\x{d75}\x{d79}-\x{d7f}\x{d82}\x{d83}\x{d85}-\x{d96}\x{d9a}-\x{db1}\x{db3}-\x{dbb}\x{dbd}\x{dc0}-\x{dc6}\x{dcf}-\x{dd1}\x{dd8}-\x{ddf}\x{de6}-\x{def}\x{df2}-\x{df4}\x{e01}-\x{e30}\x{e32}\x{e33}\x{e40}-\x{e46}\x{e4f}-\x{e5b}\x{e81}\x{e82}\x{e84}\x{e87}\x{e88}\x{e8a}\x{e8d}\x{e94}-\x{e97}\x{e99}-\x{e9f}\x{ea1}-\x{ea3}\x{ea5}\x{ea7}\x{eaa}\x{eab}\x{ead}-\x{eb0}\x{eb2}\x{eb3}\x{ebd}\x{ec0}-\x{ec4}\x{ec6}\x{ed0}-\x{ed9}\x{edc}-\x{edf}\x{f00}-\x{f17}\x{f1a}-\x{f34}\x{f36}\x{f38}\x{f3e}-\x{f47}\x{f49}-\x{f6c}\x{f7f}\x{f85}\x{f88}-\x{f8c}\x{fbe}-\x{fc5}\x{fc7}-\x{fcc}\x{fce}-\x{fda}\x{1000}-\x{102c}\x{1031}\x{1038}\x{103b}\x{103c}\x{103f}-\x{1057}\x{105a}-\x{105d}\x{1061}-\x{1070}\x{1075}-\x{1081}\x{1083}\x{1084}\x{1087}-\x{108c}\x{108e}-\x{109c}\x{109e}-\x{10c5}\x{10c7}\x{10cd}\x{10d0}-\x{1248}\x{124a}-\x{124d}\x{1250}-\x{1256}\x{1258}\x{125a}-\x{125d}\x{1260}-\x{1288}\x{128a}-\x{128d}\x{1290}-\x{12b0}\x{12b2}-\x{12b5}\x{12b8}-\x{12be}\x{12c0}\x{12c2}-\x{12c5}\x{12c8}-\x{12d6}\x{12d8}-\x{1310}\x{1312}-\x{1315}\x{1318}-\x{135a}\x{1360}-\x{137c}\x{1380}-\x{138f}\x{13a0}-\x{13f5}\x{13f8}-\x{13fd}\x{1401}-\x{167f}\x{1681}-\x{169a}\x{16a0}-\x{16f8}\x{1700}-\x{170c}\x{170e}-\x{1711}\x{1720}-\x{1731}\x{1735}\x{1736}\x{1740}-\x{1751}\x{1760}-\x{176c}\x{176e}-\x{1770}\x{1780}-\x{17b3}\x{17b6}\x{17be}-\x{17c5}\x{17c7}\x{17c8}\x{17d4}-\x{17da}\x{17dc}\x{17e0}-\x{17e9}\x{1810}-\x{1819}\x{1820}-\x{1877}\x{1880}-\x{18a8}\x{18aa}\x{18b0}-\x{18f5}\x{1900}-\x{191e}\x{1923}-\x{1926}\x{1929}-\x{192b}\x{1930}\x{1931}\x{1933}-\x{1938}\x{1946}-\x{196d}\x{1970}-\x{1974}\x{1980}-\x{19ab}\x{19b0}-\x{19c9}\x{19d0}-\x{19da}\x{1a00}-\x{1a16}\x{1a19}\x{1a1a}\x{1a1e}-\x{1a55}\x{1a57}\x{1a61}\x{1a63}\x{1a64}\x{1a6d}-\x{1a72}\x{1a80}-\x{1a89}\x{1a90}-\x{1a99}\x{1aa0}-\x{1aad}\x{1b04}-\x{1b33}\x{1b35}\x{1b3b}\x{1b3d}-\x{1b41}\x{1b43}-\x{1b4b}\x{1b50}-\x{1b6a}\x{1b74}-\x{1b7c}\x{1b82}-\x{1ba1}\x{1ba6}\x{1ba7}\x{1baa}\x{1bae}-\x{1be5}\x{1be7}\x{1bea}-\x{1bec}\x{1bee}\x{1bf2}\x{1bf3}\x{1bfc}-\x{1c2b}\x{1c34}\x{1c35}\x{1c3b}-\x{1c49}\x{1c4d}-\x{1c7f}\x{1cc0}-\x{1cc7}\x{1cd3}\x{1ce1}\x{1ce9}-\x{1cec}\x{1cee}-\x{1cf3}\x{1cf5}\x{1cf6}\x{1d00}-\x{1dbf}\x{1e00}-\x{1f15}\x{1f
	// @codeCoverageIgnoreEnd

	/**
	 * @internal Calling this directly is deprecated. Use LanguageFactory instead.
	 *
	 * @param string|null $code Which code to use. Passing null is deprecated in 1.35.
	 * @param NamespaceInfo|null $namespaceInfo
	 * @param LocalisationCache|null $localisationCache
	 * @param LanguageNameUtils|null $langNameUtils
	 * @param LanguageFallback|null $langFallback
	 * @param LanguageConverterFactory|null $converterFactory
	 * @param HookContainer|null $hookContainer
	 * @param Config|null $config
	 */
	public function __construct(
		$code = null,
		NamespaceInfo $namespaceInfo = null,
		LocalisationCache $localisationCache = null,
		LanguageNameUtils $langNameUtils = null,
		LanguageFallback $langFallback = null,
		LanguageConverterFactory $converterFactory = null,
		HookContainer $hookContainer = null,
		Config $config = null
	) {
		if ( !func_num_args() ) {
			// Old calling convention, deprecated
			if ( static::class === 'Language' ) {
				$this->mCode = 'en';
			} else {
				$this->mCode = str_replace( '_', '-', strtolower( substr( static::class, 8 ) ) );
			}

			$services = MediaWikiServices::getInstance();
			$this->namespaceInfo = $services->getNamespaceInfo();
			$this->localisationCache = $services->getLocalisationCache();
			$this->langNameUtils = $services->getLanguageNameUtils();
			$this->langFallback = $services->getLanguageFallback();
			$this->converterFactory = $services->getLanguageConverterFactory();
			$this->hookContainer = $services->getHookContainer();
			$this->hookRunner = new HookRunner( $this->hookContainer );
			$this->config = $services->getMainConfig();
			return;
		}

		Assert::parameter( $code !== null, '$code',
			'Parameters cannot be null unless all are omitted' );
		Assert::parameter( $namespaceInfo !== null, '$namespaceInfo',
			'Parameters cannot be null unless all are omitted' );
		Assert::parameter( $localisationCache !== null, '$localisationCache',
			'Parameters cannot be null unless all are omitted' );
		Assert::parameter( $langNameUtils !== null, '$langNameUtils',
			'Parameters cannot be null unless all are omitted' );
		Assert::parameter( $langFallback !== null, '$langFallback',
			'Parameters cannot be null unless all are omitted' );
		Assert::parameter( $converterFactory !== null, '$converterFactory',
			'Parameters cannot be null unless all are omitted' );
		Assert::parameter( $hookContainer !== null, '$hookContainer',
			'Parameters cannot be null unless all are omitted' );
		Assert::parameter( $config !== null, '$config',
			'Parameters cannot be null unless all are omitted' );

		$this->mCode = $code;
		$this->namespaceInfo = $namespaceInfo;
		$this->localisationCache = $localisationCache;
		$this->langNameUtils = $langNameUtils;
		$this->langFallback = $langFallback;
		$this->converterFactory = $converterFactory;
		$this->hookContainer = $hookContainer;
		$this->hookRunner = new HookRunner( $hookContainer );
		$this->config = $config;
	}

	/**
	 * @return array
	 * @since 1.19
	 */
	public function getFallbackLanguages() {
		return $this->langFallback->getAll( $this->mCode );
	}

	/**
	 * Exports $wgBookstoreListEn
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getBookstoreList() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'bookstoreList' );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an array of localised namespaces indexed by their numbers. If the namespace is not
	 * available in localised form, it will be included in English.
	 *
	 * @return array<int,string> List of localized namespace names, indexed by numeric namespace ID.
	 */
	public function getNamespaces() {
		if ( $this->namespaceNames === null ) {
			$metaNamespace = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::MetaNamespace );
			$metaNamespaceTalk = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::MetaNamespaceTalk );
			$extraNamespaces = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::ExtraNamespaces );
			$validNamespaces = $this->namespaceInfo->getCanonicalNamespaces();

			// @phan-suppress-next-line PhanTypeMismatchProperty
			$this->namespaceNames = $extraNamespaces +
				$this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceNames' );
			// @phan-suppress-next-line PhanTypeInvalidLeftOperand
			$this->namespaceNames += $validNamespaces;

			$this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT] = $metaNamespace;
			if ( $metaNamespaceTalk ) {
				$this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK] = $metaNamespaceTalk;
			} else {
				$talk = $this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK];
				$this->namespaceNames[NS_PROJECT_TALK] =
					$this->fixVariableInNamespace( $talk );
			}

			# Sometimes a language will be localised but not actually exist on this wiki.
			foreach ( $this->namespaceNames as $key => $text ) {
				if ( !isset( $validNamespaces[$key] ) ) {
					unset( $this->namespaceNames[$key] );
				}
			}

			# The above mixing may leave namespaces out of canonical order.
			# Re-order by namespace ID number...
			ksort( $this->namespaceNames );

			$this->getHookRunner()->onLanguageGetNamespaces( $this->namespaceNames );
		}

		return $this->namespaceNames;
	}

	/**
	 * Arbitrarily set all of the namespace names at once. Mainly used for testing
	 * @param string[] $namespaces Array of namespaces (id => name)
	 */
	public function setNamespaces( array $namespaces ) {
		$this->namespaceNames = $namespaces;
		$this->mNamespaceIds = null;
	}

	/**
	 * Resets all of the namespace caches. Mainly used for testing
	 * @deprecated since 1.39 Use MediaWikiServices::resetServiceForTesting() instead.
	 */
	public function resetNamespaces() {
		$this->namespaceNames = null;
		$this->mNamespaceIds = null;
		$this->namespaceAliases = null;
	}

	/**
	 * A convenience function that returns getNamespaces() with spaces instead of underscores
	 * in values. Useful for producing output to be displayed e.g. in `<select>` forms.
	 *
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public function getFormattedNamespaces() {
		$ns = $this->getNamespaces();
		foreach ( $ns as $k => $v ) {
			$ns[$k] = strtr( $v, '_', ' ' );
		}
		return $ns;
	}

	/**
	 * Get a namespace value by key
	 *
	 * Namespace name uses underscores (not spaces), e.g. 'MediaWiki_talk'.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $mw_ns = $lang->getNsText( NS_MEDIAWIKI_TALK );
	 * echo $mw_ns; // prints 'MediaWiki_talk'
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param int $index The array key of the namespace to return
	 * @return string|false String if the namespace value exists, otherwise false
	 */
	public function getNsText( $index ) {
		$ns = $this->getNamespaces();
		return $ns[$index] ?? false;
	}

	/**
	 * A convenience function that returns the same thing as
	 * getNsText() except with '_' changed to ' ', useful for
	 * producing output.
	 *
	 * <code>
	 * $mw_ns = $lang->getFormattedNsText( NS_MEDIAWIKI_TALK );
	 * echo $mw_ns; // prints 'MediaWiki talk'
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * @param int $index The array key of the namespace to return
	 * @return string Namespace name without underscores (empty string if namespace does not exist)
	 */
	public function getFormattedNsText( $index ) {
		$ns = $this->getNsText( $index );
		return strtr( (string)$ns, '_', ' ' );
	}

	/**
	 * Returns gender-dependent namespace alias if available.
	 * See https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:$wgExtraGenderNamespaces
	 * @param int $index Namespace index
	 * @param string $gender Gender key (male, female... )
	 * @return string|false
	 * @since 1.18
	 */
	public function getGenderNsText( $index, $gender ) {
		$extraGenderNamespaces = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::ExtraGenderNamespaces );

		$ns = $extraGenderNamespaces +
			(array)$this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );

		return $ns[$index][$gender] ?? $this->getNsText( $index );
	}

	/**
	 * Whether this language uses gender-dependent namespace aliases.
	 * See https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:$wgExtraGenderNamespaces
	 * @return bool
	 * @since 1.18
	 */
	public function needsGenderDistinction() {
		$extraGenderNamespaces = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::ExtraGenderNamespaces );
		$extraNamespaces = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::ExtraNamespaces );
		if ( count( $extraGenderNamespaces ) > 0 ) {
			// $wgExtraGenderNamespaces overrides everything
			return true;
		} elseif ( isset( $extraNamespaces[NS_USER] ) && isset( $extraNamespaces[NS_USER_TALK] ) ) {
			// @todo There may be other gender namespace than NS_USER & NS_USER_TALK in the future
			// $wgExtraNamespaces overrides any gender aliases specified in i18n files
			return false;
		} else {
			// Check what is in i18n files
			$aliases = $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );
			return count( $aliases ) > 0;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get a namespace key by value, case insensitive.
	 * Only matches namespace names for the current language, not the
	 * canonical ones defined in Namespace.php.
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return int|false An integer if $text is a valid value otherwise false
	 */
	public function getLocalNsIndex( $text ) {
		$lctext = $this->lc( $text );
		$ids = $this->getNamespaceIds();
		return $ids[$lctext] ?? false;
	}

	/**
	 * @return array<string,int> Map from names to namespace IDs. Note that each
	 * namespace ID can have multiple alias.
	 */
	public function getNamespaceAliases() {
		if ( $this->namespaceAliases === null ) {
			$aliases = $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceAliases' );
			if ( !$aliases ) {
				$aliases = [];
			} else {
				foreach ( $aliases as $name => $index ) {
					if ( $index === NS_PROJECT_TALK ) {
						unset( $aliases[$name] );
						$name = $this->fixVariableInNamespace( $name );
						$aliases[$name] = $index;
					}
				}
			}

			$extraGenderNamespaces = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::ExtraGenderNamespaces );
			$genders = $extraGenderNamespaces + (array)$this->localisationCache
				->getItem( $this->mCode, 'namespaceGenderAliases' );
			foreach ( $genders as $index => $forms ) {
				foreach ( $forms as $alias ) {
					$aliases[$alias] = $index;
				}
			}

			$langConverter = $this->getConverterInternal();
			# Also add converted namespace names as aliases, to avoid confusion.
			$convertedNames = [];
			foreach ( $langConverter->getVariants() as $variant ) {
				if ( $variant === $this->mCode ) {
					continue;
				}
				foreach ( $this->getNamespaces() as $ns => $_ ) {
					$convertedNames[$langConverter->convertNamespace( $ns, $variant )] = $ns;
				}
			}

			$this->namespaceAliases = $aliases + $convertedNames;

			// In the case of conflicts between $wgNamespaceAliases and other sources
			// of aliasing, $wgNamespaceAliases wins.
			$this->namespaceAliases = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::NamespaceAliases ) +
				$this->namespaceAliases;

			# Filter out aliases to namespaces that don't exist, e.g. from extensions
			# that aren't loaded here but are included in the l10n cache.
			# (array_intersect preserves keys from its first argument)
			$this->namespaceAliases = array_intersect(
				$this->namespaceAliases,
				array_keys( $this->getNamespaces() )
			);
		}

		return $this->namespaceAliases;
	}

	/**
	 * @return array<string,int> indexed by localized lower-cased namespace name
	 */
	public function getNamespaceIds() {
		if ( $this->mNamespaceIds === null ) {
			# Put namespace names and aliases into a hashtable.
			# If this is too slow, then we should arrange it so that it is done
			# before caching. The catch is that at pre-cache time, the above
			# class-specific fixup hasn't been done.
			$this->mNamespaceIds = [];
			foreach ( $this->getNamespaces() as $index => $name ) {
				$this->mNamespaceIds[$this->lc( $name )] = $index;
			}
			foreach ( $this->getNamespaceAliases() as $name => $index ) {
				$this->mNamespaceIds[$this->lc( $name )] = $index;
			}
		}
		return $this->mNamespaceIds;
	}

	/**
	 * Get a namespace key by value, case insensitive.  Canonical namespace
	 * names override custom ones defined for the current language.
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return int|false An integer if $text is a valid value otherwise false
	 */
	public function getNsIndex( $text ) {
		$lctext = $this->lc( $text );
		$ns = $this->namespaceInfo->getCanonicalIndex( $lctext );
		if ( $ns !== null ) {
			return $ns;
		}
		$ids = $this->getNamespaceIds();
		return $ids[$lctext] ?? false;
	}

	/**
	 * short names for language variants used for language conversion links.
	 *
	 * @param string $code
	 * @param bool $usemsg Use the "variantname-xyz" message if it exists
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getVariantname( $code, $usemsg = true ) {
		$msg = "variantname-$code";
		if ( $usemsg && wfMessage( $msg )->exists() ) {
			return $this->getMessageFromDB( $msg );
		}
		$name = $this->langNameUtils->getLanguageName( $code );
		if ( $name ) {
			return $name; # if it's defined as a language name, show that
		} else {
			# otherwise, output the language code
			return $code;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @return string[]|false List of date format preference keys, or false if disabled.
	 */
	public function getDatePreferences() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'datePreferences' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public function getDateFormats() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getDefaultDateFormat() {
		$df = $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'defaultDateFormat' );
		if ( $df === 'dmy or mdy' ) {
			return $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::AmericanDates ) ? 'mdy' : 'dmy';
		} else {
			return $df;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public function getDatePreferenceMigrationMap() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'datePreferenceMigrationMap' );
	}

	/**
	 * Get a message from the MediaWiki namespace.
	 *
	 * @param string $msg Message name
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getMessageFromDB( $msg ) {
		return $this->msg( $msg )->text();
	}

	/**
	 * Get message object in this language. Only for use inside this class.
	 *
	 * @param string $msg Message name
	 * @param mixed ...$params Message parameters
	 * @return Message
	 */
	protected function msg( $msg, ...$params ) {
		return wfMessage( $msg, ...$params )->inLanguage( $this );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 12
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getMonthName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::MONTH_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @return string[] Indexed from 0 to 11
	 */
	public function getMonthNamesArray() {
		$monthNames = [ '' ];
		for ( $i = 1; $i <= 12; $i++ ) {
			$monthNames[] = $this->getMonthName( $i );
		}
		return $monthNames;
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 12
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getMonthNameGen( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::MONTH_GENITIVE_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 12
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getMonthAbbreviation( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::MONTH_ABBREVIATED_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @return string[] Indexed from 0 to 11
	 */
	public function getMonthAbbreviationsArray() {
		$monthNames = [ '' ];
		for ( $i = 1; $i <= 12; $i++ ) {
			$monthNames[] = $this->getMonthAbbreviation( $i );
		}
		return $monthNames;
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 7
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getWeekdayName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::WEEKDAY_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 7
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getWeekdayAbbreviation( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::WEEKDAY_ABBREVIATED_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 12
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function getIranianCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::IRANIAN_CALENDAR_MONTHS_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 14
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function getHebrewCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::HEBREW_CALENDAR_MONTHS_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 14
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function getHebrewCalendarMonthNameGen( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::HEBREW_CALENDAR_MONTH_GENITIVE_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $key Number from 1 to 12
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function getHijriCalendarMonthName( $key ) {
		return $this->getMessageFromDB( self::HIJRI_CALENDAR_MONTH_MESSAGES[$key - 1] );
	}

	/**
	 * Pass through result from $dateTimeObj->format()
	 * @param DateTime|false|null &$dateTimeObj
	 * @param string $ts
	 * @param DateTimeZone|false|null $zone
	 * @param string $code
	 * @return string
	 */
	private static function dateTimeObjFormat( &$dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code ) {
		if ( !$dateTimeObj ) {
			$dateTimeObj = DateTime::createFromFormat(
				'YmdHis', $ts, $zone ?: new DateTimeZone( 'UTC' )
			);
		}
		return $dateTimeObj->format( $code );
	}

	/**
	 * This is a workalike of PHP's date() function, but with better
	 * internationalisation, a reduced set of format characters, and a better
	 * escaping format.
	 *
	 * Supported format characters are dDjlNwzWFmMntLoYyaAgGhHiscrUeIOPTZ. See
	 * the PHP manual for definitions. There are a number of extensions, which
	 * start with "x":
	 *
	 *    xn   Do not translate digits of the next numeric format character
	 *    xN   Toggle raw digit (xn) flag, stays set until explicitly unset
	 *    xr   Use roman numerals for the next numeric format character
	 *    xh   Use hebrew numerals for the next numeric format character
	 *    xx   Literal x
	 *    xg   Genitive month name
	 *
	 *    xij  j (day number) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xiF  F (month name) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xin  n (month number) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xiy  y (two digit year) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xiY  Y (full year) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xit  t (days in month) in Iranian calendar
	 *    xiz  z (day of the year) in Iranian calendar
	 *
	 *    xjj  j (day number) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjF  F (month name) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjt  t (days in month) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjx  xg (genitive month name) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjn  n (month number) in Hebrew calendar
	 *    xjY  Y (full year) in Hebrew calendar
	 *
	 *    xmj  j (day number) in Hijri calendar
	 *    xmF  F (month name) in Hijri calendar
	 *    xmn  n (month number) in Hijri calendar
	 *    xmY  Y (full year) in Hijri calendar
	 *
	 *    xkY  Y (full year) in Thai solar calendar. Months and days are
	 *                       identical to the Gregorian calendar
	 *    xoY  Y (full year) in Minguo calendar or Juche year.
	 *                       Months and days are identical to the
	 *                       Gregorian calendar
	 *    xtY  Y (full year) in Japanese nengo. Months and days are
	 *                       identical to the Gregorian calendar
	 *
	 * Characters enclosed in double quotes will be considered literal (with
	 * the quotes themselves removed). Unmatched quotes will be considered
	 * literal quotes. Example:
	 *
	 * "The month is" F       => The month is January
	 * i's"                   => 20'11"
	 *
	 * Backslash escaping is also supported.
	 *
	 * Input timestamp is assumed to be pre-normalized to the desired local
	 * time zone, if any. Note that the format characters crUeIOPTZ will assume
	 * $ts is UTC if $zone is not given.
	 *
	 * @param string $format
	 * @param string $ts 14-character timestamp
	 *      YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
	 *      01234567890123
	 * @param DateTimeZone|null $zone Timezone of $ts
	 * @param int|null &$ttl The amount of time (in seconds) the output may be cached for.
	 * Only makes sense if $ts is the current time.
	 * @todo handling of "o" format character for Iranian, Hebrew, Hijri & Thai?
	 *
	 * @throws MWException
	 * @return string
	 * @return-taint tainted
	 */
	public function sprintfDate( $format, $ts, DateTimeZone $zone = null, &$ttl = 'unused' ) {
		// @phan-suppress-previous-line PhanTypeMismatchDefault Type mismatch on pass-by-ref args
		$s = '';
		$raw = false;
		$roman = false;
		$hebrewNum = false;
		$dateTimeObj = false;
		$rawToggle = false;
		$iranian = false;
		$hebrew = false;
		$hijri = false;
		$thai = false;
		$minguo = false;
		$tenno = false;

		$usedSecond = false;
		$usedMinute = false;
		$usedHour = false;
		$usedAMPM = false;
		$usedDay = false;
		$usedWeek = false;
		$usedMonth = false;
		$usedYear = false;
		$usedISOYear = false;
		$usedIsLeapYear = false;

		$usedHebrewMonth = false;
		$usedIranianMonth = false;
		$usedHijriMonth = false;
		$usedHebrewYear = false;
		$usedIranianYear = false;
		$usedHijriYear = false;
		$usedTennoYear = false;

		if ( strlen( $ts ) !== 14 ) {
			throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . ": The timestamp $ts should have 14 characters" );
		}

		if ( !ctype_digit( $ts ) ) {
			throw new MWException( __METHOD__ . ": The timestamp $ts should be a number" );
		}

		$formatLength = strlen( $format );
		for ( $p = 0; $p < $formatLength; $p++ ) {
			$num = false;
			$code = $format[$p];
			if ( $code == 'x' && $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
				$code .= $format[++$p];
			}

			if ( ( $code === 'xi'
					|| $code === 'xj'
					|| $code === 'xk'
					|| $code === 'xm'
					|| $code === 'xo'
					|| $code === 'xt' )
				&& $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
				$code .= $format[++$p];
			}

			switch ( $code ) {
				case 'xx':
					$s .= 'x';
					break;
				case 'xn':
					$raw = true;
					break;
				case 'xN':
					$rawToggle = !$rawToggle;
					break;
				case 'xr':
					$roman = true;
					break;
				case 'xh':
					$hebrewNum = true;
					break;
				case 'xg':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$s .= $this->getMonthNameGen( (int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'xjx':
					$usedHebrewMonth = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$s .= $this->getHebrewCalendarMonthNameGen( $hebrew[1] );
					break;
				case 'd':
					$usedDay = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 6, 2 );
					break;
				case 'D':
					$usedDay = true;
					$s .= $this->getWeekdayAbbreviation(
						(int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'w' ) + 1
					);
					break;
				case 'j':
					$usedDay = true;
					$num = intval( substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'xij':
					$usedDay = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = $iranian[2];
					break;
				case 'xmj':
					$usedDay = true;
					if ( !$hijri ) {
						$hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hijri[2];
					break;
				case 'xjj':
					$usedDay = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hebrew[2];
					break;
				case 'l':
					$usedDay = true;
					$s .= $this->getWeekdayName(
						(int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'w' ) + 1
					);
					break;
				case 'F':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$s .= $this->getMonthName( (int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'xiF':
					$usedIranianMonth = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$s .= $this->getIranianCalendarMonthName( $iranian[1] );
					break;
				case 'xmF':
					$usedHijriMonth = true;
					if ( !$hijri ) {
						$hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
					}
					$s .= $this->getHijriCalendarMonthName( $hijri[1] );
					break;
				case 'xjF':
					$usedHebrewMonth = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$s .= $this->getHebrewCalendarMonthName( $hebrew[1] );
					break;
				case 'm':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
					break;
				case 'M':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$s .= $this->getMonthAbbreviation( (int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'n':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$num = intval( substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'xin':
					$usedIranianMonth = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = $iranian[1];
					break;
				case 'xmn':
					$usedHijriMonth = true;
					if ( !$hijri ) {
						$hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hijri[1];
					break;
				case 'xjn':
					$usedHebrewMonth = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hebrew[1];
					break;
				case 'xjt':
					$usedHebrewMonth = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hebrew[3];
					break;
				case 'Y':
					$usedYear = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
					break;
				case 'xiY':
					$usedIranianYear = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = $iranian[0];
					break;
				case 'xmY':
					$usedHijriYear = true;
					if ( !$hijri ) {
						$hijri = self::tsToHijri( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hijri[0];
					break;
				case 'xjY':
					$usedHebrewYear = true;
					if ( !$hebrew ) {
						$hebrew = self::tsToHebrew( $ts );
					}
					$num = $hebrew[0];
					break;
				case 'xkY':
					$usedYear = true;
					if ( !$thai ) {
						$thai = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'thai' );
					}
					$num = $thai[0];
					break;
				case 'xoY':
					$usedYear = true;
					if ( !$minguo ) {
						$minguo = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'minguo' );
					}
					$num = $minguo[0];
					break;
				case 'xtY':
					$usedTennoYear = true;
					if ( !$tenno ) {
						$tenno = self::tsToYear( $ts, 'tenno' );
					}
					$num = $tenno[0];
					break;
				case 'y':
					$usedYear = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 2, 2 );
					break;
				case 'xiy':
					$usedIranianYear = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = substr( (string)$iranian[0], -2 );
					break;
				case 'xit':
					$usedIranianYear = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = self::$IRANIAN_DAYS[$iranian[1] - 1];
					break;
				case 'xiz':
					$usedIranianYear = true;
					if ( !$iranian ) {
						$iranian = self::tsToIranian( $ts );
					}
					$num = $iranian[3];
					break;
				case 'a':
					$usedAMPM = true;
					$s .= intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) ) < 12 ? 'am' : 'pm';
					break;
				case 'A':
					$usedAMPM = true;
					$s .= intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) ) < 12 ? 'AM' : 'PM';
					break;
				case 'g':
					$usedHour = true;
					$h = (int)substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
					$num = $h % 12 ?: 12;
					break;
				case 'G':
					$usedHour = true;
					$num = intval( substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) );
					break;
				case 'h':
					$usedHour = true;
					$h = (int)substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
					$num = sprintf( '%02d', $h % 12 ?: 12 );
					break;
				case 'H':
					$usedHour = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 8, 2 );
					break;
				case 'i':
					$usedMinute = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 10, 2 );
					break;
				case 's':
					$usedSecond = true;
					$num = substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
					break;
				case 'c':
				case 'r':
					$usedSecond = true;
					// fall through
				case 'e':
				case 'O':
				case 'P':
				case 'T':
					$s .= self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'w':
				case 'N':
				case 'z':
					$usedDay = true;
					$num = self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'W':
					$usedWeek = true;
					$num = self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 't':
					$usedMonth = true;
					$num = self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'L':
					$usedIsLeapYear = true;
					$num = self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'o':
					$usedISOYear = true;
					$num = self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case 'U':
					$usedSecond = true;
					// fall through
				case 'I':
				case 'Z':
					$num = self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, $code );
					break;
				case '\\':
					# Backslash escaping
					if ( $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
						$s .= $format[++$p];
					} else {
						$s .= '\\';
					}
					break;
				case '"':
					# Quoted literal
					if ( $p < $formatLength - 1 ) {
						$endQuote = strpos( $format, '"', $p + 1 );
						if ( $endQuote === false ) {
							# No terminating quote, assume literal "
							$s .= '"';
						} else {
							$s .= substr( $format, $p + 1, $endQuote - $p - 1 );
							$p = $endQuote;
						}
					} else {
						# Quote at end of string, assume literal "
						$s .= '"';
					}
					break;
				default:
					$s .= $format[$p];
			}
			if ( $num !== false ) {
				if ( $rawToggle || $raw ) {
					$s .= $num;
					$raw = false;
				} elseif ( $roman ) {
					$s .= self::romanNumeral( $num );
					$roman = false;
				} elseif ( $hebrewNum ) {
					$s .= self::hebrewNumeral( $num );
					$hebrewNum = false;
				} elseif ( preg_match( '/^[\d.]+$/', $num ) ) {
					$s .= $this->formatNumNoSeparators( $num );
				} else {
					$s .= $num;
				}
			}
		}

		if ( $ttl === 'unused' ) {
			// No need to calculate the TTL, the caller wont use it anyway.
		} elseif ( $usedSecond ) {
			$ttl = 1;
		} elseif ( $usedMinute ) {
			$ttl = 60 - (int)substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
		} elseif ( $usedHour ) {
			$ttl = 3600 - (int)substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - (int)substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
		} elseif ( $usedAMPM ) {
			$ttl = 43200 - ( (int)substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) % 12 ) * 3600 -
				(int)substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - (int)substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
		} elseif (
			$usedDay ||
			$usedHebrewMonth ||
			$usedIranianMonth ||
			$usedHijriMonth ||
			$usedHebrewYear ||
			$usedIranianYear ||
			$usedHijriYear ||
			$usedTennoYear
		) {
			// @todo Someone who understands the non-Gregorian calendars
			// should write proper logic for them so that they don't need purged every day.
			$ttl = 86400 - (int)substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) * 3600 -
				(int)substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - (int)substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
		} else {
			$possibleTtls = [];
			$timeRemainingInDay = 86400 - (int)substr( $ts, 8, 2 ) * 3600 -
				(int)substr( $ts, 10, 2 ) * 60 - (int)substr( $ts, 12, 2 );
			if ( $usedWeek ) {
				$possibleTtls[] =
					( 7 - (int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'N' ) ) * 86400 +
					$timeRemainingInDay;
			} elseif ( $usedISOYear ) {
				// December 28th falls on the last ISO week of the year, every year.
				// The last ISO week of a year can be 52 or 53.
				$lastWeekOfISOYear = (int)DateTime::createFromFormat(
					'Ymd',
					(int)substr( $ts, 0, 4 ) . '1228',
					$zone ?: new DateTimeZone( 'UTC' )
				)->format( 'W' );
				$currentISOWeek = (int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'W' );
				$weeksRemaining = $lastWeekOfISOYear - $currentISOWeek;
				$timeRemainingInWeek =
					( 7 - (int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'N' ) ) * 86400
					+ $timeRemainingInDay;
				$possibleTtls[] = $weeksRemaining * 604800 + $timeRemainingInWeek;
			}

			if ( $usedMonth ) {
				$possibleTtls[] =
					( (int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 't' ) -
						(int)substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) ) * 86400
					+ $timeRemainingInDay;
			} elseif ( $usedYear ) {
				$possibleTtls[] =
					( (int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'L' ) + 364 -
						(int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'z' ) ) * 86400
					+ $timeRemainingInDay;
			} elseif ( $usedIsLeapYear ) {
				$year = (int)substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
				$timeRemainingInYear =
					( (int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'L' ) + 364 -
						(int)self::dateTimeObjFormat( $dateTimeObj, $ts, $zone, 'z' ) ) * 86400
					+ $timeRemainingInDay;
				$mod = $year % 4;
				if ( $mod || ( !( $year % 100 ) && $year % 400 ) ) {
					// this isn't a leap year. see when the next one starts
					$nextCandidate = $year - $mod + 4;
					if ( $nextCandidate % 100 || !( $nextCandidate % 400 ) ) {
						$possibleTtls[] = ( $nextCandidate - $year - 1 ) * 365 * 86400 +
							$timeRemainingInYear;
					} else {
						$possibleTtls[] = ( $nextCandidate - $year + 3 ) * 365 * 86400 +
							$timeRemainingInYear;
					}
				} else {
					// this is a leap year, so the next year isn't
					$possibleTtls[] = $timeRemainingInYear;
				}
			}

			if ( $possibleTtls ) {
				$ttl = min( $possibleTtls );
			}
		}

		return $s;
	}

	private static $GREG_DAYS = [ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ];
	private static $IRANIAN_DAYS = [ 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 31, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 29 ];

	/**
	 * Algorithm by Roozbeh Pournader and Mohammad Toossi to convert
	 * Gregorian dates to Iranian dates. Originally written in C, it
	 * is released under the terms of GNU Lesser General Public
	 * License. Conversion to PHP was performed by Niklas Laxström.
	 *
	 * Link: http://www.farsiweb.info/jalali/jalali.c
	 *
	 * @param string $ts
	 *
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	private static function tsToIranian( $ts ) {
		$gy = (int)substr( $ts, 0, 4 ) - 1600;
		$gm = (int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 ) - 1;
		$gd = (int)substr( $ts, 6, 2 ) - 1;

		# Days passed from the beginning (including leap years)
		$gDayNo = 365 * $gy
			+ floor( ( $gy + 3 ) / 4 )
			- floor( ( $gy + 99 ) / 100 )
			+ floor( ( $gy + 399 ) / 400 );

		// Add days of the past months of this year
		for ( $i = 0; $i < $gm; $i++ ) {
			$gDayNo += self::$GREG_DAYS[$i];
		}

		// Leap years
		if ( $gm > 1 && ( ( $gy % 4 === 0 && $gy % 100 !== 0 ) || $gy % 400 == 0 ) ) {
			$gDayNo++;
		}

		// Days passed in current month
		$gDayNo += $gd;

		$jDayNo = $gDayNo - 79;

		$jNp = (int)floor( $jDayNo / 12053 );
		$jDayNo %= 12053;

		$jy = 979 + 33 * $jNp + 4 * (int)floor( $jDayNo / 1461 );
		$jDayNo %= 1461;

		if ( $jDayNo >= 366 ) {
			$jy += (int)floor( ( $jDayNo - 1 ) / 365 );
			$jDayNo = (int)floor( ( $jDayNo - 1 ) % 365 );
		}

		$jz = $jDayNo;

		for ( $i = 0; $i < 11 && $jDayNo >= self::$IRANIAN_DAYS[$i]; $i++ ) {
			$jDayNo -= self::$IRANIAN_DAYS[$i];
		}

		$jm = $i + 1;
		$jd = $jDayNo + 1;

		return [ $jy, $jm, $jd, $jz ];
	}

	/**
	 * Converting Gregorian dates to Hijri dates.
	 *
	 * Based on a PHP-Nuke block by Sharjeel which is released under GNU/GPL license
	 *
	 * @see https://phpnuke.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8234&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0
	 *
	 * @param string $ts
	 *
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	private static function tsToHijri( $ts ) {
		$year = (int)substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
		$month = (int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
		$day = (int)substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

		$zyr = $year;
		$zd = $day;
		$zm = $month;
		$zy = $zyr;

		if (
			( $zy > 1582 ) || ( ( $zy == 1582 ) && ( $zm > 10 ) ) ||
			( ( $zy == 1582 ) && ( $zm == 10 ) && ( $zd > 14 ) )
		) {
			$zjd = (int)( ( 1461 * ( $zy + 4800 + (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) ) / 4 ) +
					(int)( ( 367 * ( $zm - 2 - 12 * ( (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) ) ) / 12 ) -
					(int)( ( 3 * (int)( ( $zy + 4900 + (int)( ( $zm - 14 ) / 12 ) ) / 100 ) ) / 4 ) +
					$zd - 32075;
		} else {
			$zjd = 367 * $zy - (int)( ( 7 * ( $zy + 5001 + (int)( ( $zm - 9 ) / 7 ) ) ) / 4 ) +
				(int)( ( 275 * $zm ) / 9 ) + $zd + 1729777;
		}

		$zl = $zjd - 1948440 + 10632;
		$zn = (int)( ( $zl - 1 ) / 10631 );
		$zl = $zl - 10631 * $zn + 354;
		$zj = ( (int)( ( 10985 - $zl ) / 5316 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 50 * $zl ) / 17719 ) ) +
			( (int)( $zl / 5670 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 43 * $zl ) / 15238 ) );
		$zl = $zl - ( (int)( ( 30 - $zj ) / 15 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 17719 * $zj ) / 50 ) ) -
			( (int)( $zj / 16 ) ) * ( (int)( ( 15238 * $zj ) / 43 ) ) + 29;
		$zm = (int)( ( 24 * $zl ) / 709 );
		$zd = $zl - (int)( ( 709 * $zm ) / 24 );
		$zy = 30 * $zn + $zj - 30;

		return [ $zy, $zm, $zd ];
	}

	/**
	 * Converting Gregorian dates to Hebrew dates.
	 *
	 * Based on a JavaScript code by Abu Mami and Yisrael Hersch
	 * (abu-mami@kaluach.net, http://www.kaluach.net), who permitted
	 * to translate the relevant functions into PHP and release them under
	 * GNU GPL.
	 *
	 * The months are counted from Tishrei = 1. In a leap year, Adar I is 13
	 * and Adar II is 14. In a non-leap year, Adar is 6.
	 *
	 * @param string $ts
	 *
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	private static function tsToHebrew( $ts ) {
		# Parse date
		$year = (int)substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
		$month = (int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
		$day = (int)substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

		# Calculate Hebrew year
		$hebrewYear = $year + 3760;

		# Month number when September = 1, August = 12
		$month += 4;
		if ( $month > 12 ) {
			# Next year
			$month -= 12;
			$year++;
			$hebrewYear++;
		}

		# Calculate day of year from 1 September
		$dayOfYear = $day;
		for ( $i = 1; $i < $month; $i++ ) {
			if ( $i == 6 ) {
				# February
				$dayOfYear += 28;
				# Check if the year is leap
				if ( $year % 400 == 0 || ( $year % 4 == 0 && $year % 100 > 0 ) ) {
					$dayOfYear++;
				}
			} elseif ( $i == 8 || $i == 10 || $i == 1 || $i == 3 ) {
				$dayOfYear += 30;
			} else {
				$dayOfYear += 31;
			}
		}

		# Calculate the start of the Hebrew year
		$start = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear );

		# Calculate next year's start
		if ( $dayOfYear <= $start ) {
			# Day is before the start of the year - it is the previous year
			# Next year's start
			$nextStart = $start;
			# Previous year
			$year--;
			$hebrewYear--;
			# Add days since previous year's 1 September
			$dayOfYear += 365;
			if ( ( $year % 400 == 0 ) || ( $year % 100 != 0 && $year % 4 == 0 ) ) {
				# Leap year
				$dayOfYear++;
			}
			# Start of the new (previous) year
			$start = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear );
		} else {
			# Next year's start
			$nextStart = self::hebrewYearStart( $hebrewYear + 1 );
		}

		# Calculate Hebrew day of year
		$hebrewDayOfYear = $dayOfYear - $start;

		# Difference between year's days
		$diff = $nextStart - $start;
		# Add 12 (or 13 for leap years) days to ignore the difference between
		# Hebrew and Gregorian year (353 at least vs. 365/6) - now the
		# difference is only about the year type
		if ( ( $year % 400 == 0 ) || ( $year % 100 != 0 && $year % 4 == 0 ) ) {
			$diff += 13;
		} else {
			$diff += 12;
		}

		# Check the year pattern, and is leap year
		# 0 means an incomplete year, 1 means a regular year, 2 means a complete year
		# This is mod 30, to work on both leap years (which add 30 days of Adar I)
		# and non-leap years
		$yearPattern = $diff % 30;
		# Check if leap year
		$isLeap = $diff >= 30;

		# Calculate day in the month from number of day in the Hebrew year
		# Don't check Adar - if the day is not in Adar, we will stop before;
		# if it is in Adar, we will use it to check if it is Adar I or Adar II
		$hebrewDay = $hebrewDayOfYear;
		$hebrewMonth = 1;
		$days = 0;
		while ( $hebrewMonth <= 12 ) {
			# Calculate days in this month
			if ( $isLeap && $hebrewMonth == 6 ) {
				# Leap year - has Adar I, with 30 days, and Adar II, with 29 days
				$days = 30;
				if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
					# Day in Adar I
					$hebrewMonth = 13;
				} else {
					# Subtract the days of Adar I
					$hebrewDay -= $days;
					# Try Adar II
					$days = 29;
					if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
						# Day in Adar II
						$hebrewMonth = 14;
					}
				}
			} elseif ( $hebrewMonth == 2 && $yearPattern == 2 ) {
				# Cheshvan in a complete year (otherwise as the rule below)
				$days = 30;
			} elseif ( $hebrewMonth == 3 && $yearPattern == 0 ) {
				# Kislev in an incomplete year (otherwise as the rule below)
				$days = 29;
			} else {
				# Odd months have 30 days, even have 29
				$days = 30 - ( $hebrewMonth - 1 ) % 2;
			}
			if ( $hebrewDay <= $days ) {
				# In the current month
				break;
			} else {
				# Subtract the days of the current month
				$hebrewDay -= $days;
				# Try in the next month
				$hebrewMonth++;
			}
		}

		return [ $hebrewYear, $hebrewMonth, $hebrewDay, $days ];
	}

	/**
	 * This calculates the Hebrew year start, as days since 1 September.
	 * Based on Carl Friedrich Gauss algorithm for finding Easter date.
	 * Used for Hebrew date.
	 *
	 * @param int $year
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	private static function hebrewYearStart( $year ) {
		$a = ( 12 * ( $year - 1 ) + 17 ) % 19;
		$b = ( $year - 1 ) % 4;
		$m = 32.044093161144 + 1.5542417966212 * $a + $b / 4.0 - 0.0031777940220923 * ( $year - 1 );
		if ( $m < 0 ) {
			$m--;
		}
		$Mar = intval( $m );
		if ( $m < 0 ) {
			$m++;
		}
		$m -= $Mar;

		$c = ( $Mar + 3 * ( $year - 1 ) + 5 * $b + 5 ) % 7;
		if ( $c == 0 && $a > 11 && $m >= 0.89772376543210 ) {
			$Mar++;
		} elseif ( $c == 1 && $a > 6 && $m >= 0.63287037037037 ) {
			$Mar += 2;
		} elseif ( $c == 2 || $c == 4 || $c == 6 ) {
			$Mar++;
		}

		$Mar += intval( ( $year - 3761 ) / 100 ) - intval( ( $year - 3761 ) / 400 ) - 24;
		return $Mar;
	}

	/**
	 * Algorithm to convert Gregorian dates to Thai solar dates,
	 * Minguo dates or Minguo dates.
	 *
	 * Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar
	 *       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minguo_calendar
	 *       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name
	 *
	 * @param string $ts 14-character timestamp
	 * @param string $cName Calender name
	 * @return array Converted year, month, day
	 */
	private static function tsToYear( $ts, $cName ) {
		$gy = (int)substr( $ts, 0, 4 );
		$gm = (int)substr( $ts, 4, 2 );
		$gd = (int)substr( $ts, 6, 2 );

		if ( $cName === 'thai' ) {
			# Thai solar dates
			# Add 543 years to the Gregorian calendar
			# Months and days are identical
			$gy_offset = $gy + 543;
			# fix for dates between 1912 and 1941
			# https://en.wikipedia.org/?oldid=836596673#New_year
			if ( $gy >= 1912 && $gy <= 1940 ) {
				if ( $gm <= 3 ) {
					$gy_offset--;
				}
				$gm = ( $gm - 3 ) % 12;
			}
		} elseif ( $cName === 'minguo' || $cName === 'juche' ) {
			# Minguo dates
			# Deduct 1911 years from the Gregorian calendar
			# Months and days are identical
			$gy_offset = $gy - 1911;
		} elseif ( $cName === 'tenno' ) {
			# Nengō dates up to Meiji period
			# Deduct years from the Gregorian calendar
			# depending on the nengo periods
			# Months and days are identical
			if ( ( $gy < 1912 )
				|| ( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm < 7 ) )
				|| ( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm == 7 ) && ( $gd < 31 ) )
			) {
				# Meiji period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 1868 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '明治' . $gy_offset;
			} elseif (
				( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm == 7 ) && ( $gd == 31 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 1912 ) && ( $gm >= 8 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy > 1912 ) && ( $gy < 1926 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm < 12 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm == 12 ) && ( $gd < 26 ) )
			) {
				# Taishō period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 1912 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '大正' . $gy_offset;
			} elseif (
				( ( $gy == 1926 ) && ( $gm == 12 ) && ( $gd >= 26 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy > 1926 ) && ( $gy < 1989 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 1989 ) && ( $gm == 1 ) && ( $gd < 8 ) )
			) {
				# Shōwa period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 1926 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '昭和' . $gy_offset;
			} elseif (
				( ( $gy == 1989 ) && ( $gm == 1 ) && ( $gd >= 8 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy > 1989 ) && ( $gy < 2019 ) ) ||
				( ( $gy == 2019 ) && ( $gm < 5 ) )
			) {
				# Heisei period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 1989 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '平成' . $gy_offset;
			} else {
				# Reiwa period
				$gy_gannen = $gy - 2019 + 1;
				$gy_offset = $gy_gannen;
				if ( $gy_gannen == 1 ) {
					$gy_offset = '元';
				}
				$gy_offset = '令和' . $gy_offset;
			}
		} else {
			$gy_offset = $gy;
		}

		return [ $gy_offset, $gm, $gd ];
	}

	/**
	 * Gets directionality of the first strongly directional codepoint, for embedBidi()
	 *
	 * This is the rule the BIDI algorithm uses to determine the directionality of
	 * paragraphs ( https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#The_Paragraph_Level ) and
	 * FSI isolates ( https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Explicit_Directional_Isolates ).
	 *
	 * TODO: Does not handle BIDI control characters inside the text.
	 * TODO: Does not handle unallocated characters.
	 *
	 * @param string $text Text to test
	 * @return null|string Directionality ('ltr' or 'rtl') or null
	 */
	private static function strongDirFromContent( $text = '' ) {
		if ( !preg_match( self::$strongDirRegex, $text, $matches ) ) {
			return null;
		}
		if ( $matches[1] === '' ) {
			return 'rtl';
		}
		return 'ltr';
	}

	/**
	 * Roman number formatting up to 10000
	 *
	 * @param int $num
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function romanNumeral( $num ) {
		static $table = [
			[ '', 'I', 'II', 'III', 'IV', 'V', 'VI', 'VII', 'VIII', 'IX', 'X' ],
			[ '', 'X', 'XX', 'XXX', 'XL', 'L', 'LX', 'LXX', 'LXXX', 'XC', 'C' ],
			[ '', 'C', 'CC', 'CCC', 'CD', 'D', 'DC', 'DCC', 'DCCC', 'CM', 'M' ],
			[ '', 'M', 'MM', 'MMM', 'MMMM', 'MMMMM', 'MMMMMM', 'MMMMMMM',
				'MMMMMMMM', 'MMMMMMMMM', 'MMMMMMMMMM' ]
		];

		$num = intval( $num );
		if ( $num > 10000 || $num <= 0 ) {
			return (string)$num;
		}

		$s = '';
		for ( $pow10 = 1000, $i = 3; $i >= 0; $pow10 /= 10, $i-- ) {
			if ( $num >= $pow10 ) {
				$s .= $table[$i][(int)floor( $num / $pow10 )];
			}
			$num %= $pow10;
		}
		return $s;
	}

	/**
	 * Hebrew Gematria number formatting up to 9999
	 *
	 * @param int $num
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public static function hebrewNumeral( $num ) {
		static $table = [
			[ '', 'א', 'ב', 'ג', 'ד', 'ה', 'ו', 'ז', 'ח', 'ט', 'י' ],
			[ '', 'י', 'כ', 'ל', 'מ', 'נ', 'ס', 'ע', 'פ', 'צ', 'ק' ],
			[ '',
				[ 'ק' ],
				[ 'ר' ],
				[ 'ש' ],
				[ 'ת' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ק' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ר' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ש' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ת' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ת', 'ק' ],
				[ 'ת', 'ת', 'ר' ],
			],
			[ '', 'א', 'ב', 'ג', 'ד', 'ה', 'ו', 'ז', 'ח', 'ט', 'י' ]
		];

		$num = intval( $num );
		if ( $num > 9999 || $num <= 0 ) {
			return (string)$num;
		}

		// Round thousands have special notations
		if ( $num === 1000 ) {
			return "א' אלף";
		} elseif ( $num % 1000 === 0 ) {
			return $table[0][$num / 1000] . "' אלפים";
		}

		$letters = [];

		for ( $pow10 = 1000, $i = 3; $i >= 0; $pow10 /= 10, $i-- ) {
			if ( $num >= $pow10 ) {
				if ( $num === 15 || $num === 16 ) {
					$letters[] = $table[0][9];
					$letters[] = $table[0][$num - 9];
					$num = 0;
				} else {
					$letters = array_merge(
						$letters,
						(array)$table[$i][intval( $num / $pow10 )]
					);

					if ( $pow10 === 1000 ) {
						$letters[] = "'";
					}
				}
			}

			$num %= $pow10;
		}

		$preTransformLength = count( $letters );
		if ( $preTransformLength === 1 ) {
			// Add geresh (single quote) to one-letter numbers
			$letters[] = "'";
		} else {
			$lastIndex = $preTransformLength - 1;
			$letters[$lastIndex] = strtr(
				$letters[$lastIndex],
				[ 'כ' => 'ך', 'מ' => 'ם', 'נ' => 'ן', 'פ' => 'ף', 'צ' => 'ץ' ]
			);

			// Add gershayim (double quote) to multiple-letter numbers,
			// but exclude numbers with only one letter after the thousands
			// (1001-1009, 1020, 1030, 2001-2009, etc.)
			if ( $letters[1] === "'" && $preTransformLength === 3 ) {
				$letters[] = "'";
			} else {
				array_splice( $letters, -1, 0, '"' );
			}
		}

		return implode( $letters );
	}

	/**
	 * Used by date() and time() to adjust the time output.
	 *
	 * @param string $ts The time in date('YmdHis') format
	 * @param string|false $tz Adjust the time by this amount (default false, mean we
	 *   get user timecorrection setting)
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function userAdjust( $ts, $tz = false ) {
		$localTZoffset = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::LocalTZoffset );
		if ( $tz === false ) {
			$optionsLookup = MediaWikiServices::getInstance()->getUserOptionsLookup();
			$tz = $optionsLookup->getOption(
				RequestContext::getMain()->getUser(),
				'timecorrection'
			);
		}

		$timeCorrection = new UserTimeCorrection( (string)$tz, null, $localTZoffset );

		$tzObj = $timeCorrection->getTimeZone();
		if ( $tzObj ) {
			$date = new DateTime( $ts, new DateTimeZone( 'UTC' ) );
			$date->setTimezone( $tzObj );
			return $date->format( 'YmdHis' );
		}
		$minDiff = $timeCorrection->getTimeOffset();

		# No difference ? Return time unchanged
		if ( $minDiff === 0 ) {
			return $ts;
		}

		$date = new DateTime( $ts );
		$date->modify( "+{$minDiff} minutes" );
		return $date->format( 'YmdHis' );
	}

	/**
	 * This is meant to be used by time(), date(), and timeanddate() to get
	 * the date preference they're supposed to use, it should be used in
	 * all children.
	 *
	 *     function timeanddate([...], $format = true) {
	 *       $datePreference = $this->dateFormat($format);
	 *       [...]
	 *     }
	 *
	 * @param int|string|bool $usePrefs If true, the user's preference is used
	 *   if false, the site/language default is used
	 *   if int/string, assumed to be a format.
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function dateFormat( $usePrefs = true ) {
		if ( is_bool( $usePrefs ) ) {
			if ( $usePrefs ) {
				$datePreference = RequestContext::getMain()
					->getUser()
					->getDatePreference();
			} else {
				$userOptionsLookup = MediaWikiServices::getInstance()->getUserOptionsLookup();
				$datePreference = (string)$userOptionsLookup->getDefaultOption( 'date' );
			}
		} else {
			$datePreference = (string)$usePrefs;
		}

		// return int
		if ( $datePreference == '' ) {
			return 'default';
		}

		return $datePreference;
	}

	/**
	 * Get a format string for a given type and preference
	 * @param string $type May be 'date', 'time', 'both', or 'pretty'.
	 * @param string $pref The format name as it appears in Messages*.php under
	 *  $datePreferences.
	 *
	 * @since 1.22 New type 'pretty' that provides a more readable timestamp format
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getDateFormatString( $type, $pref ) {
		$wasDefault = false;
		if ( $pref == 'default' ) {
			$wasDefault = true;
			$pref = $this->getDefaultDateFormat();
		}

		if ( !isset( $this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref] ) ) {
			$df = $this->localisationCache
				->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats', "$pref $type" );

			if ( $type === 'pretty' && $df === null ) {
				$df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'date', $pref );
			}

			if ( !$wasDefault && $df === null ) {
				$pref = $this->getDefaultDateFormat();
				$df = $this->localisationCache
					->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'dateFormats', "$pref $type" );
			}

			$this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref] = $df;
		}
		return $this->dateFormatStrings[$type][$pref];
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param bool $adj Whether to adjust the time output according to the
	 *   user configured offset ($timecorrection)
	 * @param mixed $format True to use user's date format preference
	 * @param string|false $timecorrection The time offset as returned by
	 *   validateTimeZone() in Special:Preferences
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function date( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
		$ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
		if ( $adj ) {
			$ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );
		}
		$df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'date', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
		return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param bool $adj Whether to adjust the time output according to the
	 *   user configured offset ($timecorrection)
	 * @param mixed $format True to use user's date format preference
	 * @param string|false $timecorrection The time offset as returned by
	 *   validateTimeZone() in Special:Preferences
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function time( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
		$ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
		if ( $adj ) {
			$ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );
		}
		$df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
		return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param bool $adj Whether to adjust the time output according to the
	 *   user configured offset ($timecorrection)
	 * @param mixed $format What format to return, if it's false output the
	 *   default one (default true)
	 * @param string|false $timecorrection The time offset as returned by
	 *   validateTimeZone() in Special:Preferences
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function timeanddate( $ts, $adj = false, $format = true, $timecorrection = false ) {
		$ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
		if ( $adj ) {
			$ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $timecorrection );
		}
		$df = $this->getDateFormatString( 'both', $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
		return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
	}

	/**
	 * Takes a number of seconds and turns it into a text using values such as hours and minutes.
	 *
	 * @since 1.20
	 *
	 * @param int $seconds The amount of seconds.
	 * @param array $chosenIntervals The intervals to enable.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatDuration( $seconds, array $chosenIntervals = [] ) {
		$intervals = $this->getDurationIntervals( $seconds, $chosenIntervals );

		$segments = [];

		foreach ( $intervals as $intervalName => $intervalValue ) {
			// Messages: duration-seconds, duration-minutes, duration-hours, duration-days, duration-weeks,
			// duration-years, duration-decades, duration-centuries, duration-millennia
			$message = wfMessage( 'duration-' . $intervalName )->numParams( $intervalValue );
			$segments[] = $message->inLanguage( $this )->escaped();
		}

		return $this->listToText( $segments );
	}

	/**
	 * Takes a number of seconds and returns an array with a set of corresponding intervals.
	 * For example 65 will be turned into [ minutes => 1, seconds => 5 ].
	 *
	 * @since 1.20
	 *
	 * @param int $seconds The amount of seconds.
	 * @param array $chosenIntervals The intervals to enable.
	 *
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	public function getDurationIntervals( $seconds, array $chosenIntervals = [] ) {
		if ( empty( $chosenIntervals ) ) {
			$chosenIntervals = [
				'millennia',
				'centuries',
				'decades',
				'years',
				'days',
				'hours',
				'minutes',
				'seconds'
			];
		}

		$intervals = array_intersect_key( self::DURATION_INTERVALS,
			array_fill_keys( $chosenIntervals, true ) );
		$sortedNames = array_keys( $intervals );
		$smallestInterval = array_pop( $sortedNames );

		$segments = [];

		foreach ( $intervals as $name => $length ) {
			$value = floor( $seconds / $length );

			if ( $value > 0 || ( $name == $smallestInterval && empty( $segments ) ) ) {
				$seconds -= $value * $length;
				$segments[$name] = $value;
			}
		}

		return $segments;
	}

	/**
	 * Internal helper function for userDate(), userTime() and userTimeAndDate()
	 *
	 * @param string $type Can be 'date', 'time' or 'both'
	 * @param string $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param UserIdentity $user User used to get preferences for timezone and format
	 * @param array $options Array, can contain the following keys:
	 *   - 'timecorrection': time correction, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: don't use time correction
	 *     - int: value of time correction in minutes
	 *   - 'format': format to use, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: use default preference
	 *     - string: format to use
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function internalUserTimeAndDate( $type, $ts, UserIdentity $user, array $options ) {
		$ts = wfTimestamp( TS_MW, $ts );
		$options += [ 'timecorrection' => true, 'format' => true ];
		if ( $options['timecorrection'] !== false ) {
			if ( $options['timecorrection'] === true ) {
				$offset = MediaWikiServices::getInstance()
					->getUserOptionsLookup()
					->getOption( $user, 'timecorrection' );
			} else {
				$offset = $options['timecorrection'];
			}
			$ts = $this->userAdjust( $ts, $offset );
		}
		if ( $options['format'] === true ) {
			$format = MediaWikiServices::getInstance()
				->getUserFactory()
				->newFromUserIdentity( $user )
				->getDatePreference();
		} else {
			$format = $options['format'];
		}
		$df = $this->getDateFormatString( $type, $this->dateFormat( $format ) );
		return $this->sprintfDate( $df, $ts );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the formatted date for the given timestamp and formatted for
	 * the given user.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $ts Mixed: the time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param UserIdentity $user User used to get preferences for timezone and format
	 * @param array $options Array, can contain the following keys:
	 *   - 'timecorrection': time correction, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: don't use time correction
	 *     - int: value of time correction in minutes
	 *   - 'format': format to use, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: use default preference
	 *     - string: format to use
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function userDate( $ts, UserIdentity $user, array $options = [] ) {
		return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'date', $ts, $user, $options );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the formatted time for the given timestamp and formatted for
	 * the given user.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param UserIdentity $user User used to get preferences for timezone and format
	 * @param array $options Array, can contain the following keys:
	 *   - 'timecorrection': time correction, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: don't use time correction
	 *     - int: value of time correction in minutes
	 *   - 'format': format to use, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: use default preference
	 *     - string: format to use
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function userTime( $ts, UserIdentity $user, array $options = [] ) {
		return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'time', $ts, $user, $options );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the formatted date and time for the given timestamp and formatted for
	 * the given user.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $ts The time format which needs to be turned into a
	 *   date('YmdHis') format with wfTimestamp(TS_MW,$ts)
	 * @param UserIdentity $user User used to get preferences for timezone and format
	 * @param array $options Array, can contain the following keys:
	 *   - 'timecorrection': time correction, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: don't use time correction
	 *     - int: value of time correction in minutes
	 *   - 'format': format to use, can have the following values:
	 *     - true: use user's preference
	 *     - false: use default preference
	 *     - string: format to use
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function userTimeAndDate( $ts, UserIdentity $user, array $options = [] ) {
		return $this->internalUserTimeAndDate( 'both', $ts, $user, $options );
	}

	/**
	 * Get the timestamp in a human-friendly relative format, e.g., "3 days ago".
	 *
	 * Determine the difference between the timestamp and the current time, and
	 * generate a readable timestamp by returning "<N> <units> ago", where the
	 * largest possible unit is used.
	 *
	 * @since 1.26 (Prior to 1.26 method existed but was not meant to be used directly)
	 *
	 * @param MWTimestamp $time
	 * @param MWTimestamp|null $relativeTo The base timestamp to compare to (defaults to now)
	 * @param UserIdentity|null $user User the timestamp is being generated for
	 *  (or null to use main context's user)
	 * @return string Formatted timestamp
	 */
	public function getHumanTimestamp(
		MWTimestamp $time, MWTimestamp $relativeTo = null, UserIdentity $user = null
	) {
		$relativeTo ??= new MWTimestamp();
		if ( $user === null ) {
			$user = RequestContext::getMain()->getUser();
		} else {
			// For compatibility with the hook signature and self::getHumanTimestampInternal
			$user = MediaWikiServices::getInstance()
				->getUserFactory()
				->newFromUserIdentity( $user );
		}

		// Adjust for the user's timezone.
		$offsetThis = $time->offsetForUser( $user );
		$offsetRel = $relativeTo->offsetForUser( $user );

		$ts = '';
		if ( $this->getHookRunner()->onGetHumanTimestamp( $ts, $time, $relativeTo, $user, $this ) ) {
			$ts = $this->getHumanTimestampInternal( $time, $relativeTo, $user );
		}

		// Reset the timezone on the objects.
		$time->timestamp->sub( $offsetThis );
		$relativeTo->timestamp->sub( $offsetRel );

		return $ts;
	}

	/**
	 * Convert an MWTimestamp into a pretty human-readable timestamp using
	 * the given user preferences and relative base time.
	 *
	 * @see Language::getHumanTimestamp
	 * @param MWTimestamp $ts Timestamp to prettify
	 * @param MWTimestamp $relativeTo Base timestamp
	 * @param User $user User preferences to use
	 * @return string Human timestamp
	 * @since 1.26
	 */
	private function getHumanTimestampInternal(
		MWTimestamp $ts, MWTimestamp $relativeTo, User $user
	) {
		$diff = $ts->diff( $relativeTo );
		$diffDay = (bool)( (int)$ts->timestamp->format( 'w' ) -
			(int)$relativeTo->timestamp->format( 'w' ) );
		$days = $diff->days ?: (int)$diffDay;

		if ( $diff->invert ) {
			// Future dates: Use full timestamp
			/**
			 * @todo FIXME: Add better handling of future timestamps.
			 */
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'both', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) );
		} elseif (
			$days > 5 &&
			$ts->timestamp->format( 'Y' ) !== $relativeTo->timestamp->format( 'Y' )
		) {
			// Timestamps are in different years and more than 5 days apart: use full date
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'date', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) );
		} elseif ( $days > 5 ) {
			// Timestamps are in same year and more than 5 days ago: show day and month only.
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'pretty', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) );
		} elseif ( $days > 1 ) {
			// Timestamp within the past 5 days: show the day of the week and time
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$weekday = self::WEEKDAY_MESSAGES[(int)$ts->timestamp->format( 'w' )];
			// The following messages are used here:
			// * sunday-at, monday-at, tuesday-at, wednesday-at, thursday-at, friday-at, saturday-at
			$ts = wfMessage( "$weekday-at" )
				->inLanguage( $this )
				->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
				->text();
		} elseif ( $days == 1 ) {
			// Timestamp was yesterday: say 'yesterday' and the time.
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = wfMessage( 'yesterday-at' )
				->inLanguage( $this )
				->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
				->text();
		} elseif ( $diff->h > 1 || $diff->h == 1 && $diff->i > 30 ) {
			// Timestamp was today, but more than 90 minutes ago: say 'today' and the time.
			$format = $this->getDateFormatString( 'time', $user->getDatePreference() ?: 'default' );
			$ts = wfMessage( 'today-at' )
				->inLanguage( $this )
				->params( $this->sprintfDate( $format, $ts->getTimestamp( TS_MW ) ) )
				->text();

		// From here on in, the timestamp was soon enough ago so that we can simply say
		// XX units ago, e.g., "2 hours ago" or "5 minutes ago"
		} elseif ( $diff->h == 1 ) {
			// Less than 90 minutes, but more than an hour ago.
			$ts = wfMessage( 'hours-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( 1 )->text();
		} elseif ( $diff->i >= 1 ) {
			// A few minutes ago.
			$ts = wfMessage( 'minutes-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( $diff->i )->text();
		} elseif ( $diff->s >= 30 ) {
			// Less than a minute, but more than 30 sec ago.
			$ts = wfMessage( 'seconds-ago' )->inLanguage( $this )->numParams( $diff->s )->text();
		} else {
			// Less than 30 seconds ago.
			$ts = wfMessage( 'just-now' )->text();
		}

		return $ts;
	}

	/**
	 * Gets the localized friendly name for a group, if it exists. For example,
	 * "Administrators" or "Bureaucrats"
	 *
	 * @since 1.38
	 * @param string $group Internal group name
	 * @return string Localized friendly group name
	 */
	public function getGroupName( $group ) {
		$msg = $this->msg( "group-$group" );
		return $msg->isBlank() ? $group : $msg->text();
	}

	/**
	 * Gets the localized name for a member of a group, if it exists. For example,
	 * "administrator" or "bureaucrat"
	 *
	 * @since 1.38
	 * @param string $group Internal group name
	 * @param string|UserIdentity $member
	 * @return string Localized name for group member
	 */
	public function getGroupMemberName( string $group, $member ) {
		if ( $member instanceof UserIdentity ) {
			$member = $member->getName();
		}
		$msg = $this->msg( "group-$group-member", $member );
		return $msg->isBlank() ? $group : $msg->text();
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated since 1.41, use LocalisationCache or MessageCache as appropriate.
	 * @param string $key
	 * @return string|null
	 */
	public function getMessage( $key ) {
		return $this->localisationCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'messages', $key );
	}

	/**
	 * @deprecated since 1.41, use LocalisationCache directly.
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public function getAllMessages() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'messages' );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $in
	 * @param string $out
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function iconv( $in, $out, $string ) {
		# Even with //IGNORE iconv can whine about illegal characters in
		# *input* string. We just ignore those too.
		# REF: https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=37166
		# REF: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T18885
		AtEase::suppressWarnings();
		$text = iconv( $in, $out . '//IGNORE', $string );
		AtEase::restoreWarnings();
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return string The string with uppercase conversion applied to the first character
	 */
	public function ucfirst( $str ) {
		$octetCode = ord( $str );
		// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#Printable_characters
		if ( $octetCode < 96 ) {
			// Assume this is an uppercase/uncased ASCII character
			return (string)$str;
		} elseif ( $octetCode < 128 ) {
			// Assume this is a lowercase/uncased ASCII character
			return ucfirst( $str );
		}
		$first = mb_substr( $str, 0, 1 );
		if ( strlen( $first ) === 1 ) {
			// Broken UTF-8?
			return ucfirst( $str );
		}

		// Memoize the config table
		$overrides = $this->overrideUcfirstCharacters
			??= $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::OverrideUcfirstCharacters );

		// Use the config table and fall back to MB_CASE_TITLE
		$ucFirst = $overrides[$first] ?? mb_convert_case( $first, MB_CASE_TITLE );
		if ( $ucFirst !== $first ) {
			return $ucFirst . mb_substr( $str, 1 );
		} else {
			return $str;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @param bool $first Whether to uppercase only the first character
	 * @return string The string with uppercase conversion applied
	 */
	public function uc( $str, $first = false ) {
		if ( $first ) {
			return $this->ucfirst( $str );
		} else {
			return $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ? mb_strtoupper( $str ) : strtoupper( $str );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return string The string with lowercase conversion applied to the first character
	 */
	public function lcfirst( $str ) {
		$octetCode = ord( $str );
		// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#Printable_characters
		if ( $octetCode < 96 ) {
			// Assume this is an uppercase/uncased ASCII character
			return lcfirst( $str );
		} elseif ( $octetCode < 128 ) {
			// Assume this is a lowercase/uncased ASCII character
			return (string)$str;
		}

		return $this->isMultibyte( $str )
			// Assume this is a multibyte character and mb_internal_encoding() is appropriate
			? mb_strtolower( mb_substr( $str, 0, 1 ) ) . mb_substr( $str, 1 )
			// Assume this is a non-multibyte character and LC_CASE is appropriate
			: lcfirst( $str );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @param bool $first Whether to lowercase only the first character
	 * @return string The string with lowercase conversion applied
	 */
	public function lc( $str, $first = false ) {
		if ( $first ) {
			return $this->lcfirst( $str );
		} else {
			return $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ? mb_strtolower( $str ) : strtolower( $str );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return bool
	 */
	private function isMultibyte( $str ) {
		return strlen( $str ) !== mb_strlen( $str );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return mixed|string
	 */
	public function ucwords( $str ) {
		if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
			$str = $this->lc( $str );

			// regexp to find first letter in each word (i.e. after each space)
			$replaceRegexp = "/^([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)| ([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)/";

			// function to use to capitalize a single char
			return preg_replace_callback(
				$replaceRegexp,
				static function ( $matches ) {
					return mb_strtoupper( $matches[0] );
				},
				$str
			);
		} else {
			return ucwords( strtolower( $str ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * capitalize words at word breaks
	 *
	 * @param string $str
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function ucwordbreaks( $str ) {
		if ( $this->isMultibyte( $str ) ) {
			$str = $this->lc( $str );

			// since \b doesn't work for UTF-8, we explicitly define word break chars
			$breaks = "[ \-\(\)\}\{\.,\?!]";

			// find first letter after word break
			$replaceRegexp = "/^([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)|" .
				"$breaks([a-z]|[\\xc0-\\xff][\\x80-\\xbf]*)/";

			return preg_replace_callback(
				$replaceRegexp,
				static function ( $matches ) {
					return mb_strtoupper( $matches[0] );
				},
				$str
			);
		} else {
			return preg_replace_callback(
				'/\b([\w\x80-\xff]+)\b/',
				function ( $matches ) {
					return $this->ucfirst( $matches[1] );
				},
				$str
			);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return a case-folded representation of $s
	 *
	 * This is a representation such that caseFold($s1)==caseFold($s2) if $s1
	 * and $s2 are the same except for the case of their characters. It is not
	 * necessary for the value returned to make sense when displayed.
	 *
	 * Do *not* perform any other normalisation in this function. If a caller
	 * uses this function when it should be using a more general normalisation
	 * function, then fix the caller.
	 *
	 * @param string $s
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function caseFold( $s ) {
		return $this->uc( $s );
	}

	/**
	 * TODO: $s is not always a string per T218883
	 * @param string $s
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function checkTitleEncoding( $s ) {
		if ( is_array( $s ) ) {
			throw new MWException( 'Given array to checkTitleEncoding.' );
		}
		if ( StringUtils::isUtf8( $s ) ) {
			return $s;
		}

		return $this->iconv( $this->fallback8bitEncoding(), 'utf-8', $s );
	}

	/**
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function fallback8bitEncoding() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'fallback8bitEncoding' );
	}

	/**
	 * Most writing systems use whitespace to break up words.
	 * Some languages such as Chinese don't conventionally do this,
	 * which requires special handling when breaking up words for
	 * searching etc.
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public function hasWordBreaks() {
		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Some languages such as Chinese require word segmentation,
	 * Specify such segmentation when overridden in derived class.
	 *
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function segmentByWord( $string ) {
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * Specify the language variant that should be used for search indexing.
	 *
	 * @return string|null
	 */
	protected function getSerchIndexVariant() {
		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * Some languages have special punctuation need to be normalized.
	 * Make such changes here.
	 *
	 * Some languages such as Chinese have many-to-one conversions,
	 * e.g. it should be better to use zh-hans for search, since conversion
	 * from zh-hant to zh-hans is less ambiguous than the other way around.
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function normalizeForSearch( $text ) {
		$text = self::convertDoubleWidth( $text );
		if ( $this->getSerchIndexVariant() ) {
			return $this->getConverterInternal()->autoConvert( $text, $this->getSerchIndexVariant() );
		}
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * convert double-width roman characters to single-width.
	 * range: ff00-ff5f ~= 0020-007f
	 *
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected static function convertDoubleWidth( $string ) {
		static $transTable = null;
		$transTable ??= array_combine(
			mb_str_split( '０１２３４５６７８９ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱＲＳＴＵＶＷＸＹＺａｂｃｄｅｆｇｈｉｊｋｌｍｎｏｐｑｒｓｔｕｖｗｘｙｚ' ),
			str_split( '0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' )
		);

		return strtr( $string, $transTable );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $string
	 * @param string $pattern
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected static function insertSpace( $string, $pattern ) {
		$string = preg_replace( $pattern, " $1 ", $string );
		$string = preg_replace( '/ +/', ' ', $string );
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * @param string[] $termsArray
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public function convertForSearchResult( $termsArray ) {
		# some languages, e.g. Chinese, need to do a conversion
		# in order for search results to be displayed correctly
		return $termsArray;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the first character of a string.
	 *
	 * @param string $s
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function firstChar( $s ) {
		$firstChar = mb_substr( $s, 0, 1 );

		if ( $firstChar === '' || strlen( $firstChar ) != 3 ) {
			return $firstChar;
		}

		// Break down Hangul syllables to grab the first jamo
		$code = mb_ord( $firstChar );
		if ( $code < 0xac00 || $code >= 0xd7a4 ) {
			return $firstChar;
		} elseif ( $code < 0xb098 ) {
			return "\u{3131}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xb2e4 ) {
			return "\u{3134}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xb77c ) {
			return "\u{3137}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xb9c8 ) {
			return "\u{3139}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xbc14 ) {
			return "\u{3141}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xc0ac ) {
			return "\u{3142}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xc544 ) {
			return "\u{3145}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xc790 ) {
			return "\u{3147}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xcc28 ) {
			return "\u{3148}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xce74 ) {
			return "\u{314A}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xd0c0 ) {
			return "\u{314B}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xd30c ) {
			return "\u{314C}";
		} elseif ( $code < 0xd558 ) {
			return "\u{314D}";
		} else {
			return "\u{314E}";
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Convert a UTF-8 string to normal form C. In Malayalam and Arabic, this
	 * also cleans up certain backwards-compatible sequences, converting them
	 * to the modern Unicode equivalent.
	 *
	 * @internal
	 * @param string $s
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function normalize( $s ) {
		$allUnicodeFixes = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::AllUnicodeFixes );

		$s = UtfNormal\Validator::cleanUp( $s );
		// Optimization: This is disabled by default to avoid negative performance impact.
		if ( $allUnicodeFixes ) {
			$s = $this->transformUsingPairFile( MediaWiki\Languages\Data\NormalizeAr::class, $s );
			$s = $this->transformUsingPairFile( MediaWiki\Languages\Data\NormalizeMl::class, $s );
		}

		return $s;
	}

	/**
	 * Transform a string using serialized data stored in the given file (which
	 * must be in the serialized subdirectory of $IP). The file contains pairs
	 * mapping source characters to destination characters.
	 *
	 * The data is cached in process memory.
	 *
	 * @param string $dataClass Name of a normalize pairs data class
	 * @param string $input
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function transformUsingPairFile( string $dataClass, string $input ): string {
		if ( !isset( $this->transformData[$dataClass] ) ) {
			$this->transformData[$dataClass] = new ReplacementArray( $dataClass::PAIRS );
		}

		return $this->transformData[$dataClass]->replace( $input );
	}

	/**
	 * For right-to-left language support
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public function isRTL() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'rtl' );
	}

	/**
	 * Return the correct HTML 'dir' attribute value for this language.
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getDir() {
		return $this->isRTL() ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
	}

	/**
	 * Return 'left' or 'right' as appropriate alignment for line-start
	 * for this language's text direction.
	 *
	 * Should be equivalent to CSS3 'start' text-align value....
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function alignStart() {
		return $this->isRTL() ? 'right' : 'left';
	}

	/**
	 * Return 'right' or 'left' as appropriate alignment for line-end
	 * for this language's text direction.
	 *
	 * Should be equivalent to CSS3 'end' text-align value....
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function alignEnd() {
		return $this->isRTL() ? 'left' : 'right';
	}

	/**
	 * A hidden direction mark (LRM or RLM), depending on the language direction.
	 * Unlike getDirMark(), this function returns the character as an HTML entity.
	 * This function should be used when the output is guaranteed to be HTML,
	 * because it makes the output HTML source code more readable. When
	 * the output is plain text or can be escaped, getDirMark() should be used.
	 *
	 * @param bool $opposite Get the direction mark opposite to your language
	 * @return string
	 * @since 1.20
	 */
	public function getDirMarkEntity( $opposite = false ) {
		if ( $opposite ) {
			return $this->isRTL() ? '&lrm;' : '&rlm;';
		}
		return $this->isRTL() ? '&rlm;' : '&lrm;';
	}

	/**
	 * A hidden direction mark (LRM or RLM), depending on the language direction.
	 * This function produces them as invisible Unicode characters and
	 * the output may be hard to read and debug, so it should only be used
	 * when the output is plain text or can be escaped. When the output is
	 * HTML, use getDirMarkEntity() instead.
	 *
	 * @param bool $opposite Get the direction mark opposite to your language
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getDirMark( $opposite = false ) {
		$lrm = "\u{200E}"; # LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK, commonly abbreviated LRM
		$rlm = "\u{200F}"; # RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK, commonly abbreviated RLM
		if ( $opposite ) {
			return $this->isRTL() ? $lrm : $rlm;
		}
		return $this->isRTL() ? $rlm : $lrm;
	}

	/**
	 * An arrow, depending on the language direction.
	 *
	 * @param string $direction The direction of the arrow: forwards (default),
	 *   backwards, left, right, up, down.
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getArrow( $direction = 'forwards' ) {
		switch ( $direction ) {
			case 'forwards':
				return $this->isRTL() ? '←' : '→';
			case 'backwards':
				return $this->isRTL() ? '→' : '←';
			case 'left':
				return '←';
			case 'right':
				return '→';
			case 'up':
				return '↑';
			case 'down':
				return '↓';
		}
	}

	/**
	 * To allow "foo[[bar]]" to extend the link over the whole word "foobar"
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public function linkPrefixExtension() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkPrefixExtension' );
	}

	/**
	 * Get all magic words from cache.
	 * @return string[][]
	 */
	public function getMagicWords() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'magicWords' );
	}

	/**
	 * Fill a MagicWord object with data from here
	 *
	 * @param MagicWord $mw
	 */
	public function getMagic( $mw ) {
		$rawEntry = $this->mMagicExtensions[$mw->mId] ??
			$this->localisationCache->getSubitem( $this->mCode, 'magicWords', $mw->mId );

		if ( !is_array( $rawEntry ) ) {
			wfWarn( "\"$rawEntry\" is not a valid magic word for \"$mw->mId\"" );
		} else {
			$mw->mCaseSensitive = $rawEntry[0];
			$mw->mSynonyms = array_slice( $rawEntry, 1 );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get special page names, as an associative array
	 *   canonical name => array of valid names, including aliases
	 * @return string[][]
	 */
	public function getSpecialPageAliases() {
		// Cache aliases because it may be slow to load them
		$this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases ??=
			$this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'specialPageAliases' );

		return $this->mExtendedSpecialPageAliases;
	}

	/**
	 * Italic is unsuitable for some languages
	 *
	 * @param string $text The text to be emphasized.
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function emphasize( $text ) {
		return "<em>$text</em>";
	}

	/**
	 * Normally we output all numbers in plain en_US style, that is
	 * 293,291.235 for two hundred ninety-three thousand two hundred ninety-one
	 * point two hundred thirty-five. However this is not suitable for all
	 * languages, some such as Bengali (bn) want ২,৯৩,২৯১.২৩৫ and others such as
	 * Icelandic just want to use commas instead of dots, and dots instead
	 * of commas like "293.291,235".
	 *
	 * An example of this function being called:
	 * <code>
	 * wfMessage( 'message' )->numParams( $num )->text()
	 * </code>
	 *
	 * See $separatorTransformTable on MessageIs.php for
	 * the , => . and . => , implementation.
	 *
	 * @param string|int|float $number Expected to be a pre-formatted (e.g. leading zeros, number
	 *  of decimal places) numeric string. Any non-string will be cast to string.
	 * @param bool|null $noSeparators Set to true for special numbers like dates
	 *     (deprecated: use ::formatNumNoSeparators instead of this param)
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatNum( $number, $noSeparators = null ) {
		if ( $noSeparators !== null ) {
			wfDeprecated( __METHOD__ . ' with $noSeparators parameter', '1.36' );
		} else {
			// The legacy default value.
			$noSeparators = false;
		}
		return $this->formatNumInternal( (string)$number, false, $noSeparators );
	}

	/**
	 * Internal implementation function, shared between commafy, formatNum,
	 * and formatNumNoSeparators.
	 *
	 * @param string $number The stringification of a valid PHP number
	 * @param bool $noTranslate Whether to translate digits and separators
	 * @param bool $noSeparators Whether to add separators
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function formatNumInternal(
		string $number, bool $noTranslate, bool $noSeparators
	): string {
		$translateNumerals = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::TranslateNumerals );

		if ( $number === '' ) {
			return $number;
		}
		if ( $number === (string)NAN ) {
			return $this->msg( 'formatnum-nan' )->text();
		}
		if ( $number === (string)INF ) {
			return "∞";
		}
		if ( $number === (string)-INF ) {
			return "\u{2212}∞";
		}
		if ( !is_numeric( $number ) ) {
			# T267587: downgrade this to level:warn while we chase down the long
			# trail of callers.
			# wfDeprecated( 'Language::formatNum with a non-numeric string', '1.36' );
			LoggerFactory::getInstance( 'formatnum' )->warning(
				'Language::formatNum with non-numeric string',
				[ 'number' => $number ]
			);
			$validNumberRe = '(-(?=[\d\.]))?(\d+|(?=\.\d))(\.\d*)?([Ee][-+]?\d+)?';
			// For backwards-compat, apply formatNum piecewise on the valid
			// numbers in the string. Don't split on NAN/INF in this legacy
			// case as they are likely to be found embedded inside non-numeric
			// text.
			return preg_replace_callback( "/{$validNumberRe}/", function ( $m )  use ( $noTranslate, $noSeparators ) {
				return $this->formatNumInternal( $m[0], $noTranslate, $noSeparators );
			}, $number );
		}

		if ( !$noSeparators ) {
			$separatorTransformTable = $this->separatorTransformTable();
			$digitGroupingPattern = $this->digitGroupingPattern();
			$code = $this->getCode();
			if ( !( $translateNumerals && $this->langNameUtils->isValidCode( $code ) ) ) {
				$code = 'C'; // POSIX system default locale
			}

			if ( $digitGroupingPattern ) {
				$fmt = new NumberFormatter(
					$code, NumberFormatter::PATTERN_DECIMAL, $digitGroupingPattern
				);
			} else {
				/** @suppress PhanParamTooFew Phan thinks this always requires 3 parameters, that's wrong */
				$fmt = new NumberFormatter( $code, NumberFormatter::DECIMAL );
			}

			// minimumGroupingDigits can be used to suppress groupings below a certain value.
			// This is used for languages such as Polish, where one would only write the grouping
			// separator for values above 9999 - numbers with more than 4 digits.
			// NumberFormatter is yet to support minimumGroupingDigits, ICU has it as experimental feature.
			// The attribute value is used by adding it to the grouping separator value. If
			// the input number has fewer integer digits, the grouping separator is suppressed.
			$minimumGroupingDigits = $this->minimumGroupingDigits();
			// Minimum length of a number to do digit grouping on.
			// http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-numbers.html#Examples_of_minimumGroupingDigits
			$minimumLength = $minimumGroupingDigits + $fmt->getAttribute( NumberFormatter::GROUPING_SIZE );
			if ( $minimumGroupingDigits > 1
				&& !preg_match( '/^\-?\d{' . $minimumLength . '}/', $number )
			) {
				// This number does not need commas inserted (even if
				// NumberFormatter thinks it does) because it's not long
				// enough.  We still need to do decimal separator
				// transformation, though. For example 1234.56 becomes 1234,56
				// in pl with $minimumGroupingDigits = 2.
				if ( !$noTranslate ) {
					$number = strtr( $number, $separatorTransformTable ?: [] );
				}
			} elseif ( $number === '-0' ) {
				// Special case to ensure we don't lose the minus sign by
				// converting to an int.
				if ( !$noTranslate ) {
					$number = strtr( $number, $separatorTransformTable ?: [] );
				}
			} else {
				// NumberFormatter supports separator transformation,
				// but it does not know all languages MW
				// supports. Example: arq. Also, languages like pl has
				// customisation.  So manually set it.
				if ( $noTranslate ) {
					$fmt->setSymbol(
						NumberFormatter::DECIMAL_SEPARATOR_SYMBOL,
						'.'
					);
					$fmt->setSymbol(
						NumberFormatter::GROUPING_SEPARATOR_SYMBOL,
						','
					);
				} elseif ( $separatorTransformTable ) {
					$fmt->setSymbol(
						NumberFormatter::DECIMAL_SEPARATOR_SYMBOL,
						$separatorTransformTable[ '.' ] ?? '.'
					);
					$fmt->setSymbol(
						NumberFormatter::GROUPING_SEPARATOR_SYMBOL,
						$separatorTransformTable[ ',' ] ?? ','
					);
				}

				// Maintain # of digits before and after the decimal point
				// (and presence of decimal point)
				if ( preg_match( '/^-?(\d*)(\.(\d*))?$/', $number, $m ) ) {
					$fmt->setAttribute( NumberFormatter::MIN_INTEGER_DIGITS, strlen( $m[1] ) );
					if ( isset( $m[2] ) ) {
						$fmt->setAttribute( NumberFormatter::DECIMAL_ALWAYS_SHOWN, 1 );
					}
					$fmt->setAttribute( NumberFormatter::FRACTION_DIGITS, strlen( $m[3] ?? '' ) );
				}
				$number = $fmt->format( (float)$number );
			}
		}

		if ( !$noTranslate ) {
			if ( $translateNumerals ) {
				// This is often unnecessary: PHP's NumberFormatter will often
				// do the digit transform itself (T267614)
				$s = $this->digitTransformTable();
				if ( $s ) {
					$number = strtr( $number, $s );
				}
			}
			# T10327: Make our formatted numbers prettier by using a
			# proper Unicode 'minus' character.
			$number = strtr( $number, [ '-' => "\u{2212}" ] );
		}

		// Remove any LRM or RLM characters generated from NumberFormatter,
		// since directionality is handled outside of this context.
		// Similarly remove \u61C, the "Arabic Letter mark" (unicode 6.3.0)
		// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_letter_mark
		// which is added starting PHP 7.3+
		$number = strtr( $number, [
			"\u{200E}" => '', // LRM
			"\u{200F}" => '', // RLM
			"\u{061C}" => '', // ALM
		] );

		return $number;
	}

	/**
	 * Front-end for non-commafied formatNum
	 *
	 * @param string|int|float $number The string to be formatted, should be an integer
	 *        or a floating point number.
	 * @since 1.21
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatNumNoSeparators( $number ) {
		return $this->formatNumInternal( (string)$number, false, true );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $number
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function parseFormattedNumber( $number ) {
		if ( $number === $this->msg( 'formatnum-nan' )->text() ) {
			return (string)NAN;
		}
		if ( $number === "∞" ) {
			return (string)INF;
		}
		// Accept either ASCII hyphen-minus or the unicode minus emitted by
		// ::formatNum()
		$number = strtr( $number, [ "\u{2212}" => '-' ] );
		if ( $number === "-∞" ) {
			return (string)-INF;
		}
		$s = $this->digitTransformTable();
		if ( $s ) {
			// eliminate empty array values such as ''. (T66347)
			$s = array_filter( $s );
			$number = strtr( $number, array_flip( $s ) );
		}

		$s = $this->separatorTransformTable();
		if ( $s ) {
			// eliminate empty array values such as ''. (T66347)
			$s = array_filter( $s );
			$number = strtr( $number, array_flip( $s ) );
		}

		$number = strtr( $number, [ ',' => '' ] );
		return $number;
	}

	/**
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function digitGroupingPattern() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'digitGroupingPattern' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public function digitTransformTable() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'digitTransformTable' );
	}

	/**
	 * @return string[]
	 */
	public function separatorTransformTable() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'separatorTransformTable' );
	}

	/**
	 * The minimum number of digits a number must have, in addition to the grouping
	 * size, before grouping separators are added.
	 *
	 * For example, Polish has minimumGroupingDigits = 2, which with a grouping
	 * size of 3 causes 4-digit numbers to be written like 9999, but 5-digit
	 * numbers are written like "10 000".
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function minimumGroupingDigits(): int {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'minimumGroupingDigits' ) ?? 1;
	}

	/**
	 * Take a list of strings and build a locale-friendly comma-separated
	 * list, using the local comma-separator message.
	 * The last two strings are chained with an "and".
	 *
	 * @param string[] $list
	 * @param-taint $list tainted
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function listToText( array $list ) {
		$itemCount = count( $list );
		if ( $itemCount < 1 ) {
			return '';
		}
		$text = array_pop( $list );
		if ( $itemCount > 1 ) {
			$and = $this->msg( 'and' )->escaped();
			$space = $this->msg( 'word-separator' )->escaped();
			$comma = '';
			if ( $itemCount > 2 ) {
				$comma = $this->msg( 'comma-separator' )->escaped();
			}
			$text = implode( $comma, $list ) . $and . $space . $text;
		}
		// @phan-suppress-next-line PhanTypeMismatchReturnNullable False positive
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * Take a list of strings and build a locale-friendly comma-separated
	 * list, using the local comma-separator message.
	 * @param string[] $list Array of strings to put in a comma list
	 * @param-taint $list tainted
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function commaList( array $list ) {
		return implode(
			wfMessage( 'comma-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
			$list
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Take a list of strings and build a locale-friendly semicolon-separated
	 * list, using the local semicolon-separator message.
	 * @param string[] $list Array of strings to put in a semicolon list
	 * @param-taint $list tainted
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function semicolonList( array $list ) {
		return implode(
			wfMessage( 'semicolon-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
			$list
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Same as commaList, but separate it with the pipe instead.
	 * @param string[] $list Array of strings to put in a pipe list
	 * @param-taint $list tainted
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function pipeList( array $list ) {
		return implode(
			wfMessage( 'pipe-separator' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped(),
			$list
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Truncate a string to a specified length in bytes, appending an optional
	 * string (e.g. for ellipsis)
	 * When an ellipsis isn't needed, using mb_strcut() directly is recommended.
	 *
	 * If $length is negative, the string will be truncated from the beginning
	 *
	 * @since 1.31
	 *
	 * @param string $string String to truncate
	 * @param int $length Maximum length in bytes
	 * @param string $ellipsis String to append to the end of truncated text
	 * @param bool $adjustLength Subtract length of ellipsis from $length
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function truncateForDatabase( $string, $length, $ellipsis = '...', $adjustLength = true ) {
		return $this->truncateInternal(
			$string, $length, $ellipsis, $adjustLength, 'strlen', 'mb_strcut'
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Truncate a string to a specified number of characters, appending an optional
	 * string (e.g. for ellipsis).
	 *
	 * This provides multibyte version of truncateForDatabase() method of this class,
	 * suitable for truncation based on number of characters, instead of number of bytes.
	 *
	 * The input should be a raw UTF-8 string and *NOT* be HTML
	 * escaped. It is not safe to truncate HTML-escaped strings,
	 * because the entity can be truncated! Use ::truncateHtml() if you
	 * need a specific number of HTML-encoded bytes, or
	 * ::truncateForDatabase() if you need a specific number of PHP
	 * bytes.
	 *
	 * If $length is negative, the string will be truncated from the beginning.
	 *
	 * @since 1.31
	 *
	 * @param string $string String to truncate
	 * @param int $length Maximum number of characters
	 * @param string $ellipsis String to append to the end of truncated text
	 * @param bool $adjustLength Subtract length of ellipsis from $length
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function truncateForVisual( $string, $length, $ellipsis = '...', $adjustLength = true ) {
		// Passing encoding to mb_strlen and mb_substr is optional.
		// Encoding defaults to mb_internal_encoding(), which is set to UTF-8 in Setup.php, so
		// explicit specification of encoding is skipped.
		// Note: Both multibyte methods are callables invoked in truncateInternal.
		return $this->truncateInternal(
			$string, $length, $ellipsis, $adjustLength, 'mb_strlen', 'mb_substr'
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Internal method used for truncation. This method abstracts text truncation into
	 * one common method, allowing users to provide length measurement function and
	 * function for finding substring.
	 *
	 * For usages, see truncateForDatabase and truncateForVisual.
	 *
	 * @param string $string String to truncate
	 * @param int $length Maximum length of final text
	 * @param string $ellipsis String to append to the end of truncated text
	 * @param bool $adjustLength Subtract length of ellipsis from $length
	 * @param callable $measureLength Callable function used for determining the length of text
	 * @param callable $getSubstring Callable function used for getting the substrings
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function truncateInternal(
		$string, $length, $ellipsis, $adjustLength, callable $measureLength, callable $getSubstring
	) {
		# Check if there is no need to truncate
		if ( $measureLength( $string ) <= abs( $length ) ) {
			return $string; // no need to truncate
		}

		# Use the localized ellipsis character
		if ( $ellipsis == '...' ) {
			$ellipsis = wfMessage( 'ellipsis' )->inLanguage( $this )->text();
		}
		if ( $length == 0 ) {
			return $ellipsis; // convention
		}

		$stringOriginal = $string;
		# If ellipsis length is >= $length then we can't apply $adjustLength
		if ( $adjustLength && $measureLength( $ellipsis ) >= abs( $length ) ) {
			$string = $ellipsis; // this can be slightly unexpected
		# Otherwise, truncate and add ellipsis...
		} else {
			$ellipsisLength = $adjustLength ? $measureLength( $ellipsis ) : 0;
			if ( $length > 0 ) {
				$length -= $ellipsisLength;
				$string = $getSubstring( $string, 0, $length ); // xyz...
				$string = rtrim( $string ) . $ellipsis;
			} else {
				$length += $ellipsisLength;
				$string = $getSubstring( $string, $length ); // ...xyz
				$string = $ellipsis . ltrim( $string );
			}
		}

		# Do not truncate if the ellipsis makes the string longer/equal (T24181).
		# This check is *not* redundant if $adjustLength, due to the single case where
		# LEN($ellipsis) > ABS($limit arg); $stringOriginal could be shorter than $string.
		if ( $measureLength( $string ) < $measureLength( $stringOriginal ) ) {
			return $string;
		} else {
			return $stringOriginal;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Remove bytes that represent an incomplete Unicode character
	 * at the end of string (e.g. bytes of the char are missing)
	 *
	 * @param string $string
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function removeBadCharLast( $string ) {
		if ( $string != '' ) {
			$char = ord( $string[strlen( $string ) - 1] );
			$m = [];
			if ( $char >= 0xc0 ) {
				# We got the first byte only of a multibyte char; remove it.
				$string = substr( $string, 0, -1 );
			} elseif ( $char >= 0x80 &&
				// Use the /s modifier (PCRE_DOTALL) so (.*) also matches newlines
				preg_match( '/^(.*)(?:[\xe0-\xef][\x80-\xbf]|' .
					'[\xf0-\xf7][\x80-\xbf]{1,2})$/s', $string, $m )
			) {
				# We chopped in the middle of a character; remove it
				$string = $m[1];
			}
		}
		return $string;
	}

	/**
	 * Truncate a string of valid HTML to a specified length in bytes,
	 * appending an optional string (e.g. for ellipses), and return valid HTML
	 *
	 * This is only intended for styled/linked text, such as HTML with
	 * tags like <span> and <a>, were the tags are self-contained (valid HTML).
	 * Also, this will not detect things like "display:none" CSS.
	 *
	 * Note: since 1.18 you do not need to leave extra room in $length for ellipses.
	 *
	 * @param string $text HTML string to truncate
	 * @param int $length (zero/positive) Maximum length (including ellipses)
	 * @param string $ellipsis String to append to the truncated text
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function truncateHtml( $text, $length, $ellipsis = '...' ) {
		# Use the localized ellipsis character
		if ( $ellipsis == '...' ) {
			$ellipsis = wfMessage( 'ellipsis' )->inLanguage( $this )->escaped();
		}
		# Check if there is clearly no need to truncate
		if ( $length <= 0 ) {
			return $ellipsis; // no text shown, nothing to format (convention)
		} elseif ( strlen( $text ) <= $length ) {
			return $text; // string short enough even *with* HTML (short-circuit)
		}

		$dispLen = 0; // innerHTML length so far
		$testingEllipsis = false; // checking if ellipses will make string longer/equal?
		$tagType = 0; // 0-open, 1-close
		$bracketState = 0; // 1-tag start, 2-tag name, 0-neither
		$entityState = 0; // 0-not entity, 1-entity
		$tag = $ret = ''; // accumulated tag name, accumulated result string
		$openTags = []; // open tag stack
		$maybeState = null; // possible truncation state

		$textLen = strlen( $text );
		$neLength = max( 0, $length - strlen( $ellipsis ) ); // non-ellipsis len if truncated
		for ( $pos = 0; true; ++$pos ) {
			# Consider truncation once the display length has reached the maximum.
			# We check if $dispLen > 0 to grab tags for the $neLength = 0 case.
			# Check that we're not in the middle of a bracket/entity...
			if ( $dispLen && $dispLen >= $neLength && $bracketState == 0 && !$entityState ) {
				if ( !$testingEllipsis ) {
					$testingEllipsis = true;
					# Save where we are; we will truncate here unless there turn out to
					# be so few remaining characters that truncation is not necessary.
					if ( !$maybeState ) { // already saved? ($neLength = 0 case)
						$maybeState = [ $ret, $openTags ]; // save state
					}
				} elseif ( $dispLen > $length && $dispLen > strlen( $ellipsis ) ) {
					# String in fact does need truncation, the truncation point was OK.
					// @phan-suppress-next-line PhanTypeInvalidExpressionArrayDestructuring
					[ $ret, $openTags ] = $maybeState; // reload state
					$ret = $this->removeBadCharLast( $ret ); // multi-byte char fix
					$ret .= $ellipsis; // add ellipsis
					break;
				}
			}
			if ( $pos >= $textLen ) {
				break; // extra iteration just for above checks
			}

			# Read the next char...
			$ch = $text[$pos];
			$lastCh = $pos ? $text[$pos - 1] : '';
			$ret .= $ch; // add to result string
			if ( $ch == '<' ) {
				$this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $tagType, $lastCh, $openTags ); // for bad HTML
				$entityState = 0; // for bad HTML
				$bracketState = 1; // tag started (checking for backslash)
			} elseif ( $ch == '>' ) {
				$this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $tagType, $lastCh, $openTags );
				$entityState = 0; // for bad HTML
				$bracketState = 0; // out of brackets
			} elseif ( $bracketState == 1 ) {
				if ( $ch == '/' ) {
					$tagType = 1; // close tag (e.g. "</span>")
				} else {
					$tagType = 0; // open tag (e.g. "<span>")
					$tag .= $ch;
				}
				$bracketState = 2; // building tag name
			} elseif ( $bracketState == 2 ) {
				if ( $ch != ' ' ) {
					$tag .= $ch;
				} else {
					// Name found (e.g. "<a href=..."), add on tag attributes...
					$pos += $this->truncate_skip( $ret, $text, "<>", $pos + 1 );
				}
			} elseif ( $bracketState == 0 ) {
				if ( $entityState ) {
					if ( $ch == ';' ) {
						$entityState = 0;
						$dispLen++; // entity is one displayed char
					}
				} else {
					if ( $neLength == 0 && !$maybeState ) {
						// Save state without $ch. We want to *hit* the first
						// display char (to get tags) but not *use* it if truncating.
						$maybeState = [ substr( $ret, 0, -1 ), $openTags ];
					}
					if ( $ch == '&' ) {
						$entityState = 1; // entity found, (e.g. "&#160;")
					} else {
						$dispLen++; // this char is displayed
						// Add the next $max display text chars after this in one swoop...
						$max = ( $testingEllipsis ? $length : $neLength ) - $dispLen;
						$skipped = $this->truncate_skip( $ret, $text, "<>&", $pos + 1, $max );
						$dispLen += $skipped;
						$pos += $skipped;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		// Close the last tag if left unclosed by bad HTML
		$this->truncate_endBracket( $tag, $tagType, $text[$textLen - 1], $openTags );
		while ( count( $openTags ) > 0 ) {
			$ret .= '</' . array_pop( $openTags ) . '>'; // close open tags
		}
		return $ret;
	}

	/**
	 * truncateHtml() helper function
	 * like strcspn() but adds the skipped chars to $ret
	 *
	 * @param string &$ret
	 * @param string $text
	 * @param string $search
	 * @param int $start
	 * @param null|int $len
	 * @return int
	 */
	private function truncate_skip( &$ret, $text, $search, $start, $len = null ) {
		if ( $len === null ) {
			// -1 means "no limit" for strcspn
			$len = -1;
		} elseif ( $len < 0 ) {
			$len = 0;
		}
		$skipCount = 0;
		if ( $start < strlen( $text ) ) {
			$skipCount = strcspn( $text, $search, $start, $len );
			$ret .= substr( $text, $start, $skipCount );
		}
		return $skipCount;
	}

	/**
	 * truncateHtml() helper function
	 * (a) push or pop $tag from $openTags as needed
	 * (b) clear $tag value
	 * @param string &$tag Current HTML tag name we are looking at
	 * @param int $tagType (0-open tag, 1-close tag)
	 * @param string $lastCh Character before the '>' that ended this tag
	 * @param array &$openTags Open tag stack (not accounting for $tag)
	 */
	private function truncate_endBracket( &$tag, $tagType, $lastCh, &$openTags ) {
		$tag = ltrim( $tag );
		if ( $tag != '' ) {
			if ( $tagType == 0 && $lastCh != '/' ) {
				$openTags[] = $tag; // tag opened (didn't close itself)
			} elseif ( $tagType == 1 ) {
				if ( $openTags && $tag == $openTags[count( $openTags ) - 1] ) {
					array_pop( $openTags ); // tag closed
				}
			}
			$tag = '';
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Grammatical transformations, needed for inflected languages
	 * Invoked by putting {{grammar:case|word}} in a message
	 *
	 * @param string $word
	 * @param string $case
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function convertGrammar( $word, $case ) {
		$grammarForms = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::GrammarForms );
		if ( isset( $grammarForms[$this->getCode()][$case][$word] ) ) {
			return $grammarForms[$this->getCode()][$case][$word];
		}

		$grammarTransformations = $this->getGrammarTransformations();

		if ( isset( $grammarTransformations[$case] ) ) {
			$forms = $grammarTransformations[$case];

			// Some names of grammar rules are aliases for other rules.
			// In such cases the value is a string rather than object,
			// so load the actual rules.
			if ( is_string( $forms ) ) {
				$forms = $grammarTransformations[$forms];
			}

			foreach ( $forms as $rule ) {
				$form = $rule[0];

				if ( $form === '@metadata' ) {
					continue;
				}

				$replacement = $rule[1];

				$regex = '/' . addcslashes( $form, '/' ) . '/u';
				$patternMatches = preg_match( $regex, $word );

				if ( $patternMatches === false ) {
					wfLogWarning(
						'An error occurred while processing grammar. ' .
						"Word: '$word'. Regex: /$form/."
					);
				} elseif ( $patternMatches === 1 ) {
					$word = preg_replace( $regex, $replacement, $word );

					break;
				}
			}
		}

		return $word;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the grammar forms for the content language
	 * @return array Array of grammar forms
	 * @since 1.20
	 */
	public function getGrammarForms() {
		$grammarForms = $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::GrammarForms );
		if ( isset( $grammarForms[$this->getCode()] )
			&& is_array( $grammarForms[$this->getCode()] )
		) {
			return $grammarForms[$this->getCode()];
		}

		return [];
	}

	/**
	 * Get the grammar transformations data for the language.
	 * Used like grammar forms, with {{GRAMMAR}} and cases,
	 * but uses pairs of regexes and replacements instead of code.
	 *
	 * @return array[] Array of grammar transformations.
	 * @throws MWException
	 * @since 1.28
	 */
	public function getGrammarTransformations() {
		global $IP;
		if ( $this->grammarTransformCache !== null ) {
			return $this->grammarTransformCache;
		}

		$grammarDataFile = $IP . "/languages/data/grammarTransformations/{$this->getCode()}.json";
		$this->grammarTransformCache = is_readable( $grammarDataFile )
			? FormatJson::decode( file_get_contents( $grammarDataFile ), true )
			: [];

		if ( $this->grammarTransformCache === null ) {
			throw new MWException( "Invalid grammar data for \"{$this->getCode()}\"." );
		}

		return $this->grammarTransformCache;
	}

	/**
	 * Provides an alternative text depending on specified gender.
	 * Usage {{gender:username|masculine|feminine|unknown}}.
	 * username is optional, in which case the gender of current user is used,
	 * but only in (some) interface messages; otherwise default gender is used.
	 *
	 * If no forms are given, an empty string is returned. If only one form is
	 * given, it will be returned unconditionally. These details are implied by
	 * the caller and cannot be overridden in subclasses.
	 *
	 * If three forms are given, the default is to use the third (unknown) form.
	 * If fewer than three forms are given, the default is to use the first (masculine) form.
	 * These details can be overridden in subclasses.
	 *
	 * @param string $gender
	 * @param array $forms
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function gender( $gender, $forms ) {
		if ( !count( $forms ) ) {
			return '';
		}
		$forms = $this->preConvertPlural( $forms, 2 );
		if ( $gender === 'male' ) {
			return $forms[0];
		}
		if ( $gender === 'female' ) {
			return $forms[1];
		}
		return $forms[2] ?? $forms[0];
	}

	/**
	 * Plural form transformations, needed for some languages.
	 * For example, there are 3 form of plural in Russian and Polish,
	 * depending on "count mod 10". See [[w:Plural]]
	 * For English it is pretty simple.
	 *
	 * Invoked by putting {{plural:count|wordform1|wordform2}}
	 * or {{plural:count|wordform1|wordform2|wordform3}}
	 *
	 * Example: {{plural:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|article|articles}}
	 *
	 * @param int $count Non-localized number
	 * @param array $forms Different plural forms
	 * @return string Correct form of plural for $count in this language
	 */
	public function convertPlural( $count, $forms ) {
		// Handle explicit n=pluralform cases
		$forms = $this->handleExplicitPluralForms( $count, $forms );
		if ( is_string( $forms ) ) {
			return $forms;
		}
		if ( !count( $forms ) ) {
			return '';
		}

		$pluralForm = $this->getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $count );
		$pluralForm = min( $pluralForm, count( $forms ) - 1 );
		return $forms[$pluralForm];
	}

	/**
	 * Handles explicit plural forms for Language::convertPlural()
	 *
	 * In {{PLURAL:$1|0=nothing|one|many}}, 0=nothing will be returned if $1 equals zero.
	 * If an explicitly defined plural form matches the $count, then
	 * string value returned, otherwise array returned for further consideration
	 * by CLDR rules or overridden convertPlural().
	 *
	 * @since 1.23
	 *
	 * @param int $count Non-localized number
	 * @param string[] $forms Different plural forms
	 *
	 * @return string[]|string
	 */
	protected function handleExplicitPluralForms( $count, array $forms ) {
		foreach ( $forms as $index => $form ) {
			if ( preg_match( '/\d+=/i', $form ) ) {
				$pos = strpos( $form, '=' );
				if ( substr( $form, 0, $pos ) === (string)$count ) {
					return substr( $form, $pos + 1 );
				}
				unset( $forms[$index] );
			}
		}
		return array_values( $forms );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks that convertPlural was given an array and pads it to requested
	 * amount of forms by copying the last one.
	 *
	 * @param array $forms
	 * @param int $count How many forms should there be at least
	 * @return array Padded array of forms
	 */
	protected function preConvertPlural( /* Array */ $forms, $count ) {
		return array_pad( $forms, $count, end( $forms ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Wraps argument with unicode control characters for directionality safety
	 *
	 * This solves the problem where directionality-neutral characters at the edge of
	 * the argument string get interpreted with the wrong directionality from the
	 * enclosing context, giving renderings that look corrupted like "(Ben_(WMF".
	 *
	 * The wrapping is LRE...PDF or RLE...PDF, depending on the detected
	 * directionality of the argument string, using the BIDI algorithm's own "First
	 * strong directional codepoint" rule. Essentially, this works round the fact that
	 * there is no embedding equivalent of U+2068 FSI (isolation with heuristic
	 * direction inference). The latter is cleaner but still not widely supported.
	 *
	 * @param string $text Text to wrap
	 * @return string Text, wrapped in LRE...PDF or RLE...PDF or nothing
	 */
	public function embedBidi( $text = '' ) {
		$dir = self::strongDirFromContent( $text );
		if ( $dir === 'ltr' ) {
			// Wrap in LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING ... POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
			return self::LRE . $text . self::PDF;
		}
		if ( $dir === 'rtl' ) {
			// Wrap in RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING ... POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
			return self::RLE . $text . self::PDF;
		}
		// No strong directionality: do not wrap
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * @todo Maybe translate block durations.  Note that this function is somewhat misnamed: it
	 * deals with translating the *duration* ("1 week", "4 days", etc), not the expiry time
	 * (which is an absolute timestamp). Please note: do NOT add this blindly, as it is used
	 * on old expiry lengths recorded in log entries. You'd need to provide the start date to
	 * match up with it.
	 *
	 * @param string $str The validated block duration in English
	 * @param UserIdentity|null $user User to use timezone from or null for the context user
	 * @param int $now Current timestamp, for formatting relative block durations
	 * @return string Somehow translated block duration
	 * @see LanguageFi.php for example implementation
	 */
	public function translateBlockExpiry( $str, UserIdentity $user = null, $now = 0 ) {
		$duration = SpecialBlock::getSuggestedDurations( $this );
		$show = array_search( $str, $duration, true );
		if ( $show !== false ) {
			return trim( $show );
		}

		if ( wfIsInfinity( $str ) ) {
			foreach ( $duration as $show => $value ) {
				if ( wfIsInfinity( $value ) ) {
					return trim( $show );
				}
			}
		}

		// If all else fails, return a standard duration or timestamp description.
		$time = strtotime( $str, $now );
		if ( $time === false ) { // Unknown format. Return it as-is in case.
			return $str;
		} elseif ( $time !== strtotime( $str, $now + 1 ) ) { // It's a relative timestamp.
			// The result differs based on current time, so the difference
			// is a fixed duration length.
			return $this->formatDuration( $time - $now );
		} else { // It's an absolute timestamp.
			if ( $time === 0 ) {
				// wfTimestamp() handles 0 as current time instead of epoch.
				$time = '19700101000000';
			}
			if ( $user ) {
				return $this->userTimeAndDate( $time, $user );
			}
			return $this->timeanddate( $time );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * languages like Chinese need to be segmented in order for the diff
	 * to be of any use
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function segmentForDiff( $text ) {
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * and unsegment to show the result
	 *
	 * @param string $text
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function unsegmentForDiff( $text ) {
		return $text;
	}

	/**
	 * A regular expression to match legal word-trailing characters
	 * which should be merged onto a link of the form [[foo]]bar.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function linkTrail() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkTrail' );
	}

	/**
	 * A regular expression character set to match legal word-prefixing
	 * characters which should be merged onto a link of the form foo[[bar]].
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function linkPrefixCharset() {
		return $this->localisationCache->getItem( $this->mCode, 'linkPrefixCharset' );
	}

	/**
	 * Compare with an other language object
	 *
	 * @since 1.28
	 * @param Language $lang
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public function equals( Language $lang ) {
		return $lang === $this || $lang->getCode() === $this->mCode;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the internal language code for this language object
	 *
	 * NOTE: The return value of this function is NOT HTML-safe and must be escaped with
	 * htmlspecialchars() or similar
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getCode() {
		return $this->mCode;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the code in BCP 47 format which we can use
	 * inside of html lang="" tags.
	 *
	 * NOTE: The return value of this function is NOT HTML-safe and must be escaped with
	 * htmlspecialchars() or similar.
	 *
	 * @since 1.19
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function getHtmlCode() {
		$this->mHtmlCode ??= LanguageCode::bcp47( $this->getCode() );
		return $this->mHtmlCode;
	}

	/**
	 * Implement the Bcp47Code interface.  This is an alias for
	 * ::getHtmlCode().
	 * @since 1.40
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function toBcp47Code(): string {
		return $this->getHtmlCode();
	}

	/**
	 * Get the language code from a file name. Inverse of getFileName()
	 * @param string $filename $prefix . $languageCode . $suffix
	 * @param string $prefix Prefix before the language code
	 * @param string $suffix Suffix after the language code
	 * @return string|false Language code, or false if $prefix or $suffix isn't found
	 */
	public static function getCodeFromFileName( $filename, $prefix = 'Language', $suffix = '.php' ) {
		$m = null;
		preg_match( '/' . preg_quote( $prefix, '/' ) . '([A-Z][a-z_]+)' .
			preg_quote( $suffix, '/' ) . '/', $filename, $m );
		if ( !count( $m ) ) {
			return false;
		}
		return str_replace( '_', '-', strtolower( $m[1] ) );
	}

	/**
	 * @param string $talk
	 * @return string
	 */
	private function fixVariableInNamespace( $talk ) {
		if ( strpos( $talk, '$1' ) === false ) {
			return $talk;
		}

		$talk = str_replace( '$1', $this->config->get( MainConfigNames::MetaNamespace ), $talk );

		# Allow grammar transformations
		# Allowing full message-style parsing would make simple requests
		# such as action=raw much more expensive than they need to be.
		# This will hopefully cover most cases.
		$talk = preg_replace_callback(
			'/{{grammar:(.*?)\|(.*?)}}/i',
			function ( $m ) {
				return $this->convertGrammar( trim( $m[2] ), trim( $m[1] ) );
			},
			$talk
		);
		return str_replace( ' ', '_', $talk );
	}

	/**
	 * Decode an expiry (block, protection, etc) which has come from the DB
	 *
	 * @param string $expiry Database expiry String
	 * @param true|int $format True to process using language functions, or TS_ constant
	 *     to return the expiry in a given timestamp
	 * @param string $infinity If $format is not true, use this string for infinite expiry
	 * @param UserIdentity|null $user If $format is true, use this user for date format
	 * @return string
	 * @since 1.18
	 * @since 1.36 $user was added
	 */
	public function formatExpiry( $expiry, $format = true, $infinity = 'infinity', $user = null ) {
		static $dbInfinity;
		$dbInfinity ??= MediaWikiServices::getInstance()->getDBLoadBalancerFactory()
			->getReplicaDatabase()
			->getInfinity();

		if ( $expiry == '' || $expiry === 'infinity' || $expiry == $dbInfinity ) {
			return $format === true
				? $this->getMessageFromDB( 'infiniteblock' )
				: $infinity;
		} else {
			if ( $format === true ) {
				return $user
					? $this->userTimeAndDate( $expiry, $user )
					: $this->timeanddate( $expiry, /* User preference timezone */ true );
			}
			return wfTimestamp( $format, $expiry );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Formats a time given in seconds into a string representation of that time.
	 *
	 * @param int|float $seconds
	 * @param array $format An optional argument that formats the returned string in different ways:
	 *   If $format['avoid'] === 'avoidhours': don't show hours, just show days
	 *   If $format['avoid'] === 'avoidseconds': don't show seconds if $seconds >= 1 hour,
	 *   If $format['avoid'] === 'avoidminutes': don't show seconds/minutes if $seconds > 48 hours,
	 *   If $format['noabbrevs'] is true: use 'seconds' and friends instead of 'seconds-abbrev'
	 *     and friends.
	 * @note For backwards compatibility, $format may also be one of the strings 'avoidseconds'
	 *     or 'avoidminutes'.
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatTimePeriod( $seconds, $format = [] ) {
		if ( !is_array( $format ) ) {
			$format = [ 'avoid' => $format ]; // For backwards compatibility
		}
		if ( !isset( $format['avoid'] ) ) {
			$format['avoid'] = false;
		}
		if ( !isset( $format['noabbrevs'] ) ) {
			$format['noabbrevs'] = false;
		}
		$secondsMsg = wfMessage(
			$format['noabbrevs'] ? 'seconds' : 'seconds-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
		$minutesMsg = wfMessage(
			$format['noabbrevs'] ? 'minutes' : 'minutes-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
		$hoursMsg = wfMessage(
			$format['noabbrevs'] ? 'hours' : 'hours-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );
		$daysMsg = wfMessage(
			$format['noabbrevs'] ? 'days' : 'days-abbrev' )->inLanguage( $this );

		if ( round( $seconds * 10 ) < 100 ) {
			$s = $this->formatNum( sprintf( "%.1f", round( $seconds * 10 ) / 10 ) );
			$s = $secondsMsg->params( $s )->text();
		} elseif ( round( $seconds ) < 60 ) {
			$s = $this->formatNum( round( $seconds ) );
			$s = $secondsMsg->params( $s )->text();
		} elseif ( round( $seconds ) < 3600 ) {
			$minutes = floor( $seconds / 60 );
			$secondsPart = round( fmod( $seconds, 60 ) );
			if ( $secondsPart == 60 ) {
				$secondsPart = 0;
				$minutes++;
			}
			$s = $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
			$s .= ' ';
			$s .= $secondsMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $secondsPart ) )->text();
		} elseif ( round( $seconds ) <= 2 * 86400 ) {
			$hours = floor( $seconds / 3600 );
			$minutes = floor( ( $seconds - $hours * 3600 ) / 60 );
			$secondsPart = round( $seconds - $hours * 3600 - $minutes * 60 );
			if ( $secondsPart == 60 ) {
				$secondsPart = 0;
				$minutes++;
			}
			if ( $minutes == 60 ) {
				$minutes = 0;
				$hours++;
			}
			$s = $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
			$s .= ' ';
			$s .= $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
			if ( !in_array( $format['avoid'], [ 'avoidseconds', 'avoidminutes', 'avoidhours' ] ) ) {
				$s .= ' ' . $secondsMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $secondsPart ) )->text();
			}
		} else {
			$days = floor( $seconds / 86400 );
			if ( $format['avoid'] === 'avoidhours' ) {
				$hours = round( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 ) / 3600 );
				if ( $hours == 24 ) {
					$days++;
				}
				$s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
			} elseif ( $format['avoid'] === 'avoidminutes' ) {
				$hours = round( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 ) / 3600 );
				if ( $hours == 24 ) {
					$hours = 0;
					$days++;
				}
				$s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
				$s .= ' ';
				$s .= $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
			} elseif ( $format['avoid'] === 'avoidseconds' ) {
				$hours = floor( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 ) / 3600 );
				$minutes = round( ( $seconds - $days * 86400 - $hours * 3600 ) / 60 );
				if ( $minutes == 60 ) {
					$minutes = 0;
					$hours++;
				}
				if ( $hours == 24 ) {
					$hours = 0;
					$days++;
				}
				$s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
				$s .= ' ';
				$s .= $hoursMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $hours ) )->text();
				$s .= ' ';
				$s .= $minutesMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $minutes ) )->text();
			} else {
				$s = $daysMsg->params( $this->formatNum( $days ) )->text();
				$s .= ' ';
				$s .= $this->formatTimePeriod( $seconds - $days * 86400, $format );
			}
		}
		return $s;
	}

	/**
	 * Format a bitrate for output, using an appropriate
	 * unit (bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps, Pbps, Ebps, Zbps, Ybps, Rbps or Qbps) according to
	 *   the magnitude in question.
	 *
	 * This use base 1000. For base 1024 use formatSize(), for another base
	 * see formatComputingNumbers().
	 *
	 * @param int $bps
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatBitrate( $bps ) {
		// messages used: bitrate-bits, bitrate-kilobits, bitrate-megabits, bitrate-gigabits, bitrate-terabits,
		// bitrate-petabits, bitrate-exabits, bitrate-zettabits, bitrate-yottabits, bitrate-ronnabits,
		// bitrate-quettabits
		return $this->formatComputingNumbers( $bps, 1000, "bitrate-$1bits" );
	}

	/**
	 * @param int $size Size of the unit
	 * @param int $boundary Size boundary (1000, or 1024 in most cases)
	 * @param string $messageKey Message key to be used
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function formatComputingNumbers( $size, $boundary, $messageKey ) {
		if ( $size <= 0 ) {
			return str_replace( '$1', $this->formatNum( $size ),
				$this->getMessageFromDB( str_replace( '$1', '', $messageKey ) )
			);
		}
		$sizes = [ '', 'kilo', 'mega', 'giga', 'tera', 'peta', 'exa', 'zetta', 'yotta', 'ronna', 'quetta' ];
		$index = 0;

		$maxIndex = count( $sizes ) - 1;
		while ( $size >= $boundary && $index < $maxIndex ) {
			$index++;
			$size /= $boundary;
		}

		// For small sizes no decimal places necessary
		$round = 0;
		if ( $index > 1 ) {
			// For MB and bigger two decimal places are smarter
			$round = 2;
		}
		$msg = str_replace( '$1', $sizes[$index], $messageKey );

		$size = round( $size, $round );
		$text = $this->getMessageFromDB( $msg );
		return str_replace( '$1', $this->formatNum( $size ), $text );
	}

	/**
	 * Format a size in bytes for output, using an appropriate
	 * unit (B, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB, EB, ZB, YB, RB or QB) according to the magnitude in question
	 *
	 * This method use base 1024. For base 1000 use formatBitrate(), for
	 * another base see formatComputingNumbers()
	 *
	 * @param int $size Size to format
	 * @return string Plain text (not HTML)
	 */
	public function formatSize( $size ) {
		// messages used: size-bytes, size-kilobytes, size-megabytes, size-gigabytes, size-terabytes,
		// size-petabytes, size-exabytes, size-zettabytes, size-yottabytes, size-ronnabytes, size-quettabytes
		return $this->formatComputingNumbers( $size, 1024, "size-$1bytes" );
	}

	/**
	 * Make a list item, used by various special pages
	 *
	 * @param string $page Page link
	 * @param string $details HTML safe text between brackets
	 * @param bool $oppositedm Add the direction mark opposite to your
	 *   language, to display text properly
	 * @return string HTML escaped
	 */
	public function specialList( $page, $details, $oppositedm = true ) {
		if ( !$details ) {
			return $page;
		}

		$dirmark = ( $oppositedm ? $this->getDirMark( true ) : '' ) . $this->getDirMark();
		return $page .
			$dirmark .
			$this->msg( 'word-separator' )->escaped() .
			$this->msg( 'parentheses' )->rawParams( $details )->escaped();
	}

	/**
	 * Get the compiled plural rules for the language
	 * @since 1.20
	 * @return array<int,string> Associative array with plural form, and plural rule as key-value pairs
	 */
	public function getCompiledPluralRules() {
		$pluralRules =
			$this->localisationCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'compiledPluralRules' );
		if ( !$pluralRules ) {
			$fallbacks = $this->getFallbackLanguages();
			foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
				$pluralRules = $this->localisationCache
					->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'compiledPluralRules' );
				if ( $pluralRules ) {
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		return $pluralRules;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the plural rules for the language
	 * @since 1.20
	 * @return array<int,string> Associative array with plural form number and plural rule as key-value pairs
	 */
	public function getPluralRules() {
		$pluralRules =
			$this->localisationCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'pluralRules' );
		if ( !$pluralRules ) {
			$fallbacks = $this->getFallbackLanguages();
			foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
				$pluralRules = $this->localisationCache
					->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'pluralRules' );
				if ( $pluralRules ) {
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		return $pluralRules;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the plural rule types for the language
	 * @since 1.22
	 * @return array<int,string> Associative array with plural form number and plural rule type as key-value pairs
	 */
	public function getPluralRuleTypes() {
		$pluralRuleTypes =
			$this->localisationCache->getItem( strtolower( $this->mCode ), 'pluralRuleTypes' );
		if ( !$pluralRuleTypes ) {
			$fallbacks = $this->getFallbackLanguages();
			foreach ( $fallbacks as $fallbackCode ) {
				$pluralRuleTypes = $this->localisationCache
					->getItem( strtolower( $fallbackCode ), 'pluralRuleTypes' );
				if ( $pluralRuleTypes ) {
					break;
				}
			}
		}
		return $pluralRuleTypes;
	}

	/**
	 * Find the index number of the plural rule appropriate for the given number
	 * @param int $number
	 * @return int The index number of the plural rule
	 */
	public function getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $number ) {
		$pluralRules = $this->getCompiledPluralRules();
		$form = Evaluator::evaluateCompiled( $number, $pluralRules );
		return $form;
	}

	/**
	 * Find the plural rule type appropriate for the given number
	 * For example, if the language is set to Arabic, getPluralType(5) should
	 * return 'few'.
	 * @since 1.22
	 * @param int $number
	 * @return string The name of the plural rule type, e.g. one, two, few, many
	 */
	public function getPluralRuleType( $number ) {
		$index = $this->getPluralRuleIndexNumber( $number );
		$pluralRuleTypes = $this->getPluralRuleTypes();
		return $pluralRuleTypes[$index] ?? 'other';
	}

	/**
	 * Return the LanguageConverter for this language,
	 * convenience function for use in the language classes only
	 *
	 * @return ILanguageConverter
	 */
	protected function getConverterInternal() {
		return $this->converterFactory->getLanguageConverter( $this );
	}

	/**
	 * Get a HookContainer, for hook metadata and running extension hooks
	 *
	 * @since 1.35
	 * @return HookContainer
	 */
	protected function getHookContainer() {
		return $this->hookContainer;
	}

	/**
	 * Get a HookRunner, for running core hooks
	 *
	 * @internal This is for use by core only. Hook interfaces may be removed
	 *   without notice.
	 * @since 1.35
	 * @return HookRunner
	 */
	protected function getHookRunner() {
		return $this->hookRunner;
	}

	/**
	 * @internal Only for use by the mediawiki.language ResourceLoader module and
	 * generateJqueryMsgData.php
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function getJsData() {
		return [
			'digitTransformTable' => $this->digitTransformTable(),
			'separatorTransformTable' => $this->separatorTransformTable(),
			'minimumGroupingDigits' => $this->minimumGroupingDigits(),
			'grammarForms' => $this->getGrammarForms(),
			'grammarTransformations' => $this->getGrammarTransformations(),
			'pluralRules' => $this->getPluralRules(),
			'digitGroupingPattern' => $this->digitGroupingPattern(),
			'fallbackLanguages' => $this->getFallbackLanguages(),
			'bcp47Map' => LanguageCode::getNonstandardLanguageCodeMapping(),
		];
	}
}