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BOSL2/hinges.scad

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add knuckle hinges
2023-02-03 11:59:09 +00:00
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// LibFile: hinges.scad
// Functions and modules for creating hinges and snap-locking hinged parts.
// Includes:
// include <BOSL2/std.scad>
// include <BOSL2/hinges.scad>
// FileGroup: Parts
// FileSummary: Hinges and snap-locking hinged parts.
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
include <rounding.scad>
include <screws.scad>
// Section: Hinges
// Module: knuckle_hinge()
// Usage:
// knuckle_hinge(length, offset, segs, [inner], [arm_height=], [arm_angle=], [fill=], [clear_top=], [gap=], [round_top=], [round_bot=], [knuckle_diam=], [pin_diam=], [pin_fn=], [anchor=], [spin=], [orient=]) [ATTACHMENTS];
// Description:
// Construct standard knuckle hinge in two parts using a hinge pin that must be separately supplied. The default is configured to use a piece of 1.75 mm filament as the hinge pin,
// but you can select any dimensions you like to use a screw or other available pin material. The BOTTOM of the hinge is its mount point, which is aligned with
// the hinge pin centersurface, and the hinge pin hole is the CENTER of the hinge.
// The offset is the distance from a vertical mounting point to the center of the hinge pin. The hinge barrel is held by an angled support and
// vertical support. The length of the angled support is determined by its angle and the offset. You specify the length of the vertical support with the
// arm_height parameter.
// Figure(2D,NoScales): The basic hinge form appears on the left. If fill is set to true the gap between the mount surface and hinge arm is filled as shown on the right.
// _hinge_profile(4, 5, $fn=32, fill=false);
// right(13)_hinge_profile(4, 5, $fn=32, fill=true);
// fwd(9)stroke([[0,0],[4,4],[4,9]], width=.3,color="black");
// stroke([[5,-5],[5,0]], endcaps="arrow2", color="blue",width=.15);
// color("blue"){move([6.2,-2.5])text("arm_height",size=.75,valign="center");
// stroke(arc(r=3, cp=[0,-9], angle=[47,90],$fn=64),width=.15,endcaps="arrow2");
// move([-.5,-6])text("arm_angle", size=0.75,halign="right");
// move([14,-4])text("fill=true", size=1);
// }
// Continues:
// As shown in the above figure, the fill option fills the gap between the hinge arm and the mount surface to make a stronger connection. When the
// arm height is set to zero, only a single segment connects the hinge barrel to the mount surface.
// Figure(2D,NoScales): Zero arm height with 45 deg arm
// right(10) _hinge_profile(4, 0, $fn=32);
// _hinge_profile(4, 0, $fn=32,fill=false);
// right(11)fwd(-3)color("blue")text("fill=true",size=1);
// right(.5)fwd(-3)color("blue")text("fill=false",size=1);
// Continues:
// Figure(2D,NoScales): Zero arm height with 90 deg arm. The clear_top parameter removes the hinge support material that is above the x axis
// _hinge_profile(4, 0, 90, $fn=32);
// right(10) _hinge_profile(4, 0, 90, $fn=32,clear_top=true);
// right(9.5)fwd(-3)color("blue")text("clear_top=true",size=.76);
// right(.5)fwd(-3)color("blue")text("clear_top=false",size=.76);
// Continues:
// For 3D printability, you may want to make the hinge pin hole octagonal. To do this without
// changing the other parts of the design, set `pin_fn=8`. You can round off the joint to the
// mount surface with `round_top` and `round_bot`. You specify the amount of thickness to add.
// If you make this parameter too large you will get an error that the rounding doesn't fit.
// The default pin hole size admits a piece of 1.75 mm filament. If you prefer to use a machine
// screw you can set the pin_diam to a screw specification like `"M3"` or "#6". In this case,
// a clearance hole is created through most of the hinge with a self-tap hole for the last segment.
// If the last segment is very long you may shrink the self-tap portion using the tap_depth parameter.
// The pin hole diameter is enlarged by the `2*$slop` for numerically specified holes.
// Screw holes are made using {{screw_hole()} which enlarges the hole by `4*$slop`.
// Arguments:
// length = total length of the entire hinge
// offset = horizontal offset of the hinge pin center from the mount point
// segs = number of hinge segments
// inner = set to true for the "inner" hinge. Default: false
// ---
// arm_height = vertical height of the arm that holds the hinge barrel. Default: 0
// arm_angle = angle of the arm down from the vertical. Default: 45
// fill = if true fill in space between arm and mount surface. Default: true
// clear_top = if true remove any excess arm geometry that appears above the top of the mount surface. Default: false
// gap = gap between hinge segments. Default: 0.2
// round_top = rounding amount to add where top of hinge arm joins the mount surface. Generally only useful when fill=false. Default: 0
// round_bot = rounding amount to add where bottom of hinge arm joins the mount surface. Default: 0
// knuckle_diam = diameter of hinge barrel. Default: 4
// pin_diam = diameter of hinge pin hole as a number of screw specification. Default: 1.75
// screw_head = screw head to use for countersink
// screw_tolerance = screw hole tolerance. Default: "close"
// tap_depth = Don't make the tapped part of the screw hole larger than this.
// $slop = increases pin hole diameter
// anchor = Translate so anchor point is at origin (0,0,0). See [anchor](attachments.scad#subsection-anchor). Default: `BOTTOM`
// spin = Rotate this many degrees around the Z axis after anchor. See [spin](attachments.scad#subsection-spin). Default: `0`
// orient = Vector to rotate top towards, after spin. See [orient](attachments.scad#subsection-orient). Default: `UP`
// Example: Basic hinge, inner=false in front and inner=true in the back
// $fn=32;
// ydistribute(30){
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=4, offset=3, arm_height=1);
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=4, offset=3, arm_height=1,inner=true);
// }
// Example(NoScales): Basic hinge, mounted. Odd segment count means the "outside" hinge is on the outside at both ends.
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([2,40,15])
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, arm_height=1);
// Example(NoScales): Corresponding inner hinge to go with previous example. Note that the total number of hinge segments adds to the 9 specified.
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([2,40,15])
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, arm_height=1, inner=true);
// Example(NoScales): This example shows how to position and orient the hinge onto the front of an object instead of the right side.
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([40,2,15])
// position(TOP+FRONT) orient(anchor=FWD)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, arm_height=1);
// Example(NoScales): Hinge with round_bot set to create a smooth transition, but octagonal hinge pin holes for printing
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([2,40,15])
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, arm_height=1,
// round_bot=1, pin_fn=8);
// Example(NoScales): Hinge with no vertical arm, just angled arm
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([2,40,15])
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, pin_fn=8);
// Example(NoScales): Setting the arm_angle to a large value like 90 produces a hinge that doesn't look great
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([2,40,15])
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, arm_angle=90,
// arm_height=0, pin_fn=8);
// Example(NoScales): The above hinge is improved with clear_top, which allows nice attachment to a shape half the thickness of the hinge barrel
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([20,40,2])
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, arm_height=0,
// arm_angle=90, pin_fn=8, clear_top=true);
// Example(NoScales): Uneven hinge using seg_ratio. Here the inner hinge segments are 1/3 the outer, a rather extreme difference. Note also that it's a little simpler to mount the inner hinge on the LEFT side of the top section to interface with the hinge mounted on the RIGHT.
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([2,40,15]){
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, arm_height=1,
// seg_ratio=1/3);
// attach(TOP,TOP) color("green")
// cuboid([2,40,15],anchor=TOP)
// position(TOP+LEFT) orient(anchor=LEFT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=9, offset=3, arm_height=1,
// seg_ratio=1/3, inner=true);
// }
// Example(NoScales): A single hinge with an even number of segments will probably look strange, but they work together neatly in a pair. This example also shows that the arm_height can change between the inner and outer hinge parts and they will still interface properly.
// $fn=32;
// cuboid([2,40,15]){
// yflip_copy()
// position(TOP+RIGHT+FRONT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=12, segs=2, offset=2, arm_height=2,
// anchor=BOT+LEFT);
// attach(TOP,TOP) color("green")
// cuboid([2,40,15],anchor=TOP)
// yflip_copy()
// position(TOP+LEFT+FRONT) orient(anchor=LEFT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=12, segs=2, offset=2, arm_height=0,
// inner=true, anchor=BOT+RIGHT);
// }
// Example(NoScales): Hinge with self-tapping screw hole. Note that last segment has smaller diameter for screw to bite, whereas other segments have clearance holes.
// $fn=32;
// bottom_half(z=.01)
// cuboid([2,40,15],anchor=TOP)
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=5, offset=5, knuckle_diam=9, pin_diam="#6", fill=false,inner=false, screw_head="flat");
// Example(NoScales): If you give a non-flat screw head then a counterbore for that head is generated. If you don't want the counterbore, don't give a head type. In this example, tap_depth limits the narrower self-tap section of the hole.
// $fn=32;
// bottom_half(z=.01)
// cuboid([2,40,15],anchor=TOP)
// position(TOP+RIGHT) orient(anchor=RIGHT)
// knuckle_hinge(length=35, segs=3, offset=5, knuckle_diam=9, pin_diam="#6",
// fill=false, inner=false, tap_depth=6, screw_head="socket");
function knuckle_hinge(length, offset, segs, inner=false, arm_height=0, arm_angle=45, gap=0.2,
seg_ratio=1, knuckle_diam=4, pin_diam=1.75, fill=true, clear_top=false,
round_bot=0, round_top=0, pin_fn,
tap_depth, screw_head, screw_tolerance="close",
anchor=BOT,orient,spin) = no_function("hinge");
module knuckle_hinge(length, offset, segs, inner=false, arm_height=0, arm_angle=45, gap=0.2,
seg_ratio=1, knuckle_diam=4, pin_diam=1.75, fill=true, clear_top=false,
round_bot=0, round_top=0, pin_fn,
tap_depth, screw_head, screw_tolerance="close",
anchor=BOT,orient,spin)
{
dummy =
assert(is_str(pin_diam) || all_positive([pin_diam]), "pin_diam must be a screw spec string or a positive number")
assert(all_positive(length), "length must be a postive number")
assert(is_int(segs) && segs>=1, "segs must be an integer 1 or greater")
assert(is_finite(offset) && offset>=knuckle_diam/2, "offset must be a valid number that is not smaller than radius of the hinge barrel")
assert(is_finite(arm_angle) && arm_angle>0 && arm_angle<=90, "arm_angle must be greater than zero and less than or equal to 90");
segs1 = ceil(segs/2);
segs2 = floor(segs/2);
seglen1 = gap + (length-(segs-1)*gap) / (segs1 + segs2*seg_ratio);
seglen2 = gap + (length-(segs-1)*gap) / (segs1 + segs2*seg_ratio) * seg_ratio;
z_adjust = segs%2==1 ? 0
: inner? seglen1/2
: seglen2/2;
attachable(anchor,spin,orient,
size=[length,
arm_height+offset/tan(arm_angle)+knuckle_diam/2+knuckle_diam/2/sin(arm_angle),
offset+knuckle_diam/2],
offset=[0,
-arm_height/2-offset/tan(arm_angle)/2-knuckle_diam/sin(arm_angle)/4+knuckle_diam/4,
-offset/2+knuckle_diam/4]
)
{
down(offset)
yrot(-90)
zmove(z_adjust)
difference()
{
zcopies(n=inner?segs2:segs1, spacing=seglen1+seglen2)
linear_extrude((inner?seglen2:seglen1)-gap,center=true)
_hinge_profile(offset=offset, arm_height=arm_height, arm_angle=arm_angle, knuckle_diam=knuckle_diam, pin_diam=pin_diam,
fill=fill, clear_top=clear_top, round_bot=round_bot, round_top=round_top, pin_fn=pin_fn);
if (is_str(pin_diam)) right(offset) up(length/2-(inner?1:1)*z_adjust){
tap_depth = min(segs%2==1?seglen1-gap/2:seglen2-gap/2, default(tap_depth, length));
screw_hole(pin_diam, length=length+.01, tolerance="self tap", bevel=false, anchor=TOP);
multmatrix(inner ? zflip(z=-length/2) : IDENT)
if (is_undef(screw_head) || screw_head=="none" || starts_with(screw_head,"flat"))
screw_hole(pin_diam, length=length-tap_depth, tolerance=screw_tolerance, bevel=false, anchor=TOP, head=screw_head);
else {
screw_hole(pin_diam, length=length-tap_depth, tolerance=screw_tolerance, bevel=false, anchor=TOP);
screw_hole(pin_diam, length=.01, tolerance=screw_tolerance, bevel=false, anchor=TOP, head=screw_head);
}
}
}
children();
}
}
module _hinge_profile(offset, arm_height, arm_angle=45, knuckle_diam=4, pin_diam=1.75, fill=true, clear_top=false, round_bot=0, round_top=0, pin_fn)
{
extra = .01;
skel = turtle(["left", 90-arm_angle, "untilx", offset+extra, "left", arm_angle,
if (arm_height>0) each ["move", arm_height]]);
ofs = arm_height+offset/tan(arm_angle);
start=round_bot==0 && round_top==0 ? os_flat(abs_angle=90)
: os_round(abs_angle=90, cut=[-round_top,-round_bot],k=.8);
difference(){
union(){
difference(){
fwd(ofs){
left(extra)offset_stroke(skel, width=knuckle_diam, start=start);
if (fill) polygon([each skel,[-extra,ofs]]);
}
if (clear_top) left(.1) rect([offset+knuckle_diam,knuckle_diam+1],anchor=BOT+LEFT);
}
right(offset)ellipse(d=knuckle_diam,realign=true,circum=true);
}
if (is_num(pin_diam) && pin_diam>0)
right(offset)ellipse(d=pin_diam+2*get_slop(), realign=true, circum=true, $fn=default(pin_fn,$fn));
}
}
// Module: living_hinge_mask()
// Usage:
// living_hinge_mask(l, thick, [layerheight=], [foldangle=], [hingegap=], [$slop=], [anchor=], [spin=], [orient=]) [ATTACHMENTS];
// Description:
// Creates a mask to be differenced away from a plate to create a "live" hinge, where a thin layer of plastic holds two parts together.
// Center the mask at the bottom of the part you want to make a hinge in.
// The mask will leave hinge material `2*layerheight` thick on the bottom of the hinge.
// Arguments:
// l = Length of the hinge in mm.
// thick = Thickness in mm of the material to make the hinge in.
// ---
// layerheight = The expected printing layer height in mm.
// foldangle = The interior angle in degrees of the joint to be created with the hinge. Default: 90
// hingegap = Size in mm of the gap at the bottom of the hinge, to make room for folding.
// $slop = Increase size of hinge gap by double this amount
// anchor = Translate so anchor point is at origin (0,0,0). See [anchor](attachments.scad#subsection-anchor). Default: `CENTER`
// spin = Rotate this many degrees around the Z axis. See [spin](attachments.scad#subsection-spin). Default: `0`
// orient = Vector to rotate top towards. See [orient](attachments.scad#subsection-orient). Default: `UP`
// Example:
// living_hinge_mask(l=100, thick=3, foldangle=60);
module living_hinge_mask(l, thick, layerheight=0.2, foldangle=90, hingegap=undef, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP)
{
hingegap = default(hingegap, layerheight)+2*get_slop();
size = [l, hingegap, 2*thick];
size2 = [l, hingegap+2*thick*tan(foldangle/2)];
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, size=size, size2=size2) {
up(layerheight*2) prismoid([l,hingegap], [l, hingegap+2*thick/tan(foldangle/2)], h=thick, anchor=BOT);
children();
}
}
module folding_hinge_mask(l, thick, layerheight=0.2, foldangle=90, hingegap=undef, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP)
{
deprecate("living_hinge_mask");
living_hinge_mask(l, thick, layerheight, foldangle, hingegap, anchor, spin, orient);
}
// Section: Snap Locks
// Module: apply_folding_hinges_and_snaps()
// Usage:
// apply_folding_hinges_and_snaps(thick, [foldangle=], [hinges=], [snaps=], [sockets=], [snaplen=], [snapdiam=], [hingegap=], [layerheight=], [$slop=]) CHILDREN;
// Description:
// Adds snaplocks and create hinges in children at the given positions.
// Arguments:
// thick = Thickness in mm of the material to make the hinge in.
// foldangle = The interior angle in degrees of the joint to be created with the hinge. Default: 90
// hinges = List of [LENGTH, POSITION, SPIN] for each hinge to difference from the children.
// snaps = List of [POSITION, SPIN] for each central snaplock to add to the children.
// sockets = List of [POSITION, SPIN] for each outer snaplock sockets to add to the children.
// snaplen = Length of locking snaps.
// snapdiam = Diameter/width of locking snaps.
// hingegap = Size in mm of the gap at the bottom of the hinge, to make room for folding.
// layerheight = The expected printing layer height in mm.
// ---
// $slop = increase hinge gap by twice this amount
// Example(Med):
// size=100;
// apply_folding_hinges_and_snaps(
// thick=3, foldangle=54.74,
// hinges=[
// for (a=[0,120,240], b=[-size/2,size/4]) each [
// [200, polar_to_xy(b,a), a+90]
// ]
// ],
// snaps=[
// for (a=[0,120,240]) each [
// [rot(a,p=[ size/4, 0 ]), a+90],
// [rot(a,p=[-size/2,-size/2.33]), a-90]
// ]
// ],
// sockets=[
// for (a=[0,120,240]) each [
// [rot(a,p=[ size/4, 0 ]), a+90],
// [rot(a,p=[-size/2, size/2.33]), a+90]
// ]
// ]
// ) {
// $fn=3;
// difference() {
// cylinder(r=size-1, h=3);
// down(0.01) cylinder(r=size/4.5, h=3.1, spin=180);
// down(0.01) for (a=[0:120:359.9]) zrot(a) right(size/2) cylinder(r=size/4.5, h=3.1);
// }
// }
module apply_folding_hinges_and_snaps(thick, foldangle=90, hinges=[], snaps=[], sockets=[], snaplen=5, snapdiam=5, hingegap=undef, layerheight=0.2)
{
hingegap = default(hingegap, layerheight)+2*get_slop();
difference() {
children();
for (hinge = hinges) {
translate(hinge[1]) {
living_hinge_mask(
l=hinge[0], thick=thick, layerheight=layerheight,
foldangle=foldangle, hingegap=hingegap, spin=hinge[2]
);
}
}
}
for (snap = snaps) {
translate(snap[0]) {
snap_lock(
thick=thick, snaplen=snaplen, snapdiam=snapdiam,
layerheight=layerheight, foldangle=foldangle,
hingegap=hingegap, spin=snap[1]
);
}
}
for (socket = sockets) {
translate(socket[0]) {
snap_socket(
thick=thick, snaplen=snaplen, snapdiam=snapdiam,
layerheight=layerheight, foldangle=foldangle,
hingegap=hingegap, spin=socket[1]
);
}
}
}
// Module: snap_lock()
// Usage:
// snap_lock(thick, [snaplen=], [snapdiam=], [layerheight=], [foldangle=], [hingegap=], [$slop=], [anchor=], [spin=], [orient=]) [ATTACHMENTS];
// Description:
// Creates the central snaplock part.
// Arguments:
// thick = Thickness in mm of the material to make the hinge in.
// ---
// snaplen = Length of locking snaps.
// snapdiam = Diameter/width of locking snaps.
// layerheight = The expected printing layer height in mm.
// foldangle = The interior angle in degrees of the joint to be created with the hinge. Default: 90
// hingegap = Size in mm of the gap at the bottom of the hinge, to make room for folding.
// $slop = increase size of hinge gap by double this amount
// anchor = Translate so anchor point is at origin (0,0,0). See [anchor](attachments.scad#subsection-anchor). Default: `CENTER`
// spin = Rotate this many degrees around the Z axis. See [spin](attachments.scad#subsection-spin). Default: `0`
// orient = Vector to rotate top towards. See [orient](attachments.scad#subsection-orient). Default: `UP`
// Example:
// snap_lock(thick=3, foldangle=60);
module snap_lock(thick, snaplen=5, snapdiam=5, layerheight=0.2, foldangle=90, hingegap=undef, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP)
{
hingegap = default(hingegap, layerheight)+2*get_slop();
snap_x = (snapdiam/2) / tan(foldangle/2) + (thick-2*layerheight)/tan(foldangle/2) + hingegap/2;
size = [snaplen, snapdiam, 2*thick];
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, size=size) {
back(snap_x) {
cube([snaplen, snapdiam, snapdiam/2+thick], anchor=BOT) {
attach(TOP) xcyl(l=snaplen, d=snapdiam, $fn=16);
attach(TOP) xcopies(snaplen-snapdiam/4/3) xscale(0.333) sphere(d=snapdiam*0.8, $fn=12);
}
}
children();
}
}
// Module: snap_socket()
// Usage:
// snap_socket(thick, [snaplen=], [snapdiam=], [layerheight=], [foldangle=], [hingegap=], [$slop=], [anchor=], [spin=], [orient=]) [ATTACHMENTS];
// Description:
// Creates the outside snaplock socketed part.
// Arguments:
// thick = Thickness in mm of the material to make the hinge in.
// ---
// snaplen = Length of locking snaps.
// snapdiam = Diameter/width of locking snaps.
// layerheight = The expected printing layer height in mm.
// foldangle = The interior angle in degrees of the joint to be created with the hinge. Default: 90
// hingegap = Size in mm of the gap at the bottom of the hinge, to make room for folding.
// $slop = Increase size of hinge gap by double this amount
// anchor = Translate so anchor point is at origin (0,0,0). See [anchor](attachments.scad#subsection-anchor). Default: `CENTER`
// spin = Rotate this many degrees around the Z axis. See [spin](attachments.scad#subsection-spin). Default: `0`
// orient = Vector to rotate top towards. See [orient](attachments.scad#subsection-orient). Default: `UP`
// Example:
// snap_socket(thick=3, foldangle=60);
module snap_socket(thick, snaplen=5, snapdiam=5, layerheight=0.2, foldangle=90, hingegap=undef, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP)
{
hingegap = default(hingegap, layerheight)+2*get_slop();
snap_x = (snapdiam/2) / tan(foldangle/2) + (thick-2*layerheight)/tan(foldangle/2) + hingegap/2;
size = [snaplen, snapdiam, 2*thick];
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, size=size) {
fwd(snap_x) {
zrot_copies([0,180], r=snaplen+get_slop()) {
diff("divot")
cube([snaplen, snapdiam, snapdiam/2+thick], anchor=BOT) {
attach(TOP) xcyl(l=snaplen, d=snapdiam, $fn=16);
tag("divot") attach(TOP) left((snaplen+snapdiam/4/3)/2) xscale(0.333) sphere(d=snapdiam*0.8, $fn=12);
}
}
}
children();
}
}
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