20 KiB
Attachments Tutorial
Attachables
BOSL2 introduces the concept of attachables. Attachables are shapes that can be anchored,
spun, oriented, and attached to other attachables. The most basic attachable shapes are the
cube(), cylinder(), and sphere(). BOSL2 overrides the built-in definitions for these
shapes, and makes them attachables.
Anchoring
Anchoring allows you to align a side, edge, or corner of an object with the origin as it is
created. This is done by passing a vector into the anchor= argument. For roughly cubical
or prismoidal shapes, that vector points in the general direction of the side, edge, or
corner that will be aligned to. Each vector component should be -1, 0, or 1:
cube([40,30,50], anchor=[-1,-1,1]);
cube([40,30,50], anchor=[1,0,1]);
cube([40,30,50], anchor=[0,0,-1]);
Since manually written vectors are not very intuitive, BOSL2 defines some standard directional vector constants that can be added together:
| Constant | Direction | Value |
|---|---|---|
LEFT |
X- | [-1, 0, 0] |
RIGHT |
X+ | [ 1, 0, 0] |
FRONT/FORWARD/FWD |
Y- | [ 0,-1, 0] |
BACK |
Y+ | [ 0, 1, 0] |
BOTTOM/BOT/BTM/DOWN |
Z- | [ 0, 0,-1] (3D only.) |
TOP/UP |
Z+ | [ 0, 0, 1] (3D only.) |
CENTER/CTR |
Centered | [ 0, 0, 0] |
cube([40,30,50], anchor=BACK+TOP);
cube([40,30,50], anchor=FRONT);
Cylindrical attachables can be anchored similarly, except that only the Z vector component is required to be -1, 0, or 1. This allows anchoring to arbitrary edges around the cylinder or cone:
cylinder(r1=25, r2=15, h=60, anchor=TOP+LEFT);
cylinder(r1=25, r2=15, h=60, anchor=BOTTOM+FRONT);
cylinder(r1=25, r2=15, h=60, anchor=UP+spherical_to_xyz(1,30,90));
Spherical shapes can use fully proportional anchoring vectors, letting you anchor to any point on the surface of the sphere, just by pointing a vector at it:
sphere(r=50, anchor=TOP);
sphere(r=50, anchor=TOP+FRONT);
sphere(r=50, anchor=spherical_to_xyz(1,-30,60));
Some attachable shapes may provide specific named anchors for shape-specific anchoring. These will be given as strings and will be specific to that type of attachable:
teardrop(d=100, l=20, anchor="cap");
Some shapes, for backwards compatability reasons, can take a center= argument. This just
overrides the anchor= argument. A center=true argument is the same as anchor=CENTER.
A center=false argument can mean anchor=[-1,-1,-1] for a cube, or anchor=BOTTOM for a
cylinder.
Spin
Attachable shapes also can be spun in place as you create them. You can do this by passing in
the angle to spin by into the spin= argument:
cube([20,20,40], center=true, spin=45);
You can even spin around each of the three axes in one pass, by giving 3 angles to spin= as a
vector, like [Xang,Yang,Zang]:
cube([20,20,40], center=true, spin=[10,20,30]);
Orientation
Another way to specify a rotation for an attachable shape, is to pass a 3D vector via the
orient= argument. This lets you specify what direction to tilt the top of the shape towards.
For example, you can make a cone that is tilted up and to the right like this:
cylinder(h=100, r1=50, r2=20, orient=UP+RIGHT);
Mixing Anchoring, Spin, and Orientation
When giving anchor=, spin=, and orient=, they are applied anchoring first, spin second,
then orient last. For example, here's a cube:
cube([20,20,50]);
You can center it with an anchor=CENTER argument:
cube([20,20,50], anchor=CENTER);
Add a 45 degree spin:
cube([20,20,50], anchor=CENTER, spin=45);
Now tilt the top up and forward:
cube([20,20,50], anchor=CENTER, spin=45, orient=UP+FWD);
Something that may confuse new users is that adding spin to a cylinder may seem nonsensical. However, since spin is applied after anchoring, it can actually have a significant effect:
cylinder(d=50, l=40, anchor=FWD, spin=-30);
Attaching Children
The reason attachables are called that, is because they can be attached to each other. You can do that by making one attachable shape be a child of another attachable shape. By default, the child of an attachable is attached to the center of the parent shape.
cube(50,center=true)
cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=50);
To attach to a different place on the parent, you can use the attach() module. By default,
this will attach the bottom of the child to the given position on the parent. The orientation
of the child will be overridden to point outwards from the center of the parent, more or less:
cube(50,center=true)
attach(TOP) cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=20);
If you give attach() a second anchor argument, it attaches that anchor on the child to the
first anchor on the parent:
cube(50,center=true)
attach(TOP,TOP) cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=20);
By default, attach() causes the child to overlap the parent by 0.01, to let CGAL correctly
join the parts. If you need the child to have no overlap, or a different overlap, you can use
the overlap= argument:
cube(50,center=true)
attach(TOP,TOP,overlap=0) cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=20);
If you want to position the child at the parent's anchorpoint, without re-orienting, you can
use the position() module:
cube(50,center=true)
position(RIGHT) cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=20);
You can attach or position more than one child at a time by enclosing them all in braces:
cube(50, center=true) {
attach(TOP) cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=20);
position(RIGHT) cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=20);
}
If you want to attach the same shape to multiple places on the same parent, you can pass the
desired anchors as a list to the attach() or position() modules:
cube(50, center=true)
attach([RIGHT,FRONT],TOP) cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=20);
cube(50, center=true)
position([TOP,RIGHT,FRONT]) cylinder(d1=50,d2=20,l=20);
Anchor Arrows
One way that is useful to show the position and orientation of an anchorpoint is by attaching an anchor arrow to that anchor.
cube(40, center=true)
attach(LEFT+TOP)
anchor_arrow();
For large objects, you chan change the size of the arrow with the s= argument.
sphere(d=100)
attach(LEFT+TOP)
anchor_arrow(s=30);
To show all the standard cardinal anchorpoints, you can use the show_anchors() module.
cube(40, center=true)
show_anchors();
cylinder(h=40, d=40, center=true)
show_anchors();
sphere(d=40)
show_anchors();
For large objects, you chan again change the size of the arrows with the s= argument.
cylinder(h=100, d=100, center=true)
show_anchors(s=30);
## Tagged Operations
BOSL2 introduces the concept of tags. Tags are names that can be given to attachables, so that
you can refer to them when performing `diff()`, `intersect()`, and `hulling()` operations.
### `diff(neg, <pos>, <keep>)`
The `diff()` operator is used to difference away all shapes marked with the tag(s) given to
`neg=`, from shapes marked with the tag(s) given to `pos=`. Anything marked with a tag given
to `keep=` will be unioned onto the result. If no `pos=` argument is given, then everything
marked with a tag given to `neg=` will be differenced from all shapes *not* marked with that
tag.
For example, to difference away a child cylinder from the middle of a parent cube, you can
do this:
```openscad
diff("hole")
cube(100, center=true)
cylinder(h=101, d=50, center=true, $tags="hole");
If you give both the neg= and pos= arguments to diff(), then the shapes marked by tags
given to neg= will be differenced away from the shapes marked with tags given to pos=.
Everything else will be unioned to the result.
diff("hole", "post")
cube(100, center=true)
attach([RIGHT,TOP]) {
cylinder(d=95, h=5, $tags="post");
cylinder(d=50, h=11, anchor=CTR, $tags="hole");
}
The keep= argument takes tags for shapes that you want to keep in the output.
diff("dish", keep="antenna")
cube(100, center=true)
attach([FRONT,TOP], overlap=33) {
cylinder(h=33.1, d1=0, d2=95, $tags="dish");
cylinder(h=33.1, d=10, $tags="antenna");
}
If you need to mark multiple children with a tag, you can use the tags() module.
diff("hole")
cube(100, center=true)
attach([FRONT,TOP], overlap=20)
tags("hole") {
cylinder(h=20.1, d1=0, d2=95);
down(10) cylinder(h=30, d=30);
}
The parent object can be differenced away from other shapes. Tags are inherited by children, though, so you will need to set the tags of the children as well as the parent.
diff("hole")
cube([20,11,45], center=true, $tags="hole")
cube([40,10,90], center=true, $tags="body");
intersect(a, <b>, <keep>)
To perform an intersection of attachables, you can use the intersect() module. If given one
argument to a=, the parent and all children not tagged with that will be intersected by
everything that is tagged with it.
intersect("bounds")
cube(100, center=true)
cylinder(h=100, d1=120, d2=95, center=true, $fn=72, $tags="bounds");
If given both the a= and b= arguments, then shapes marked with tags given to a= will be
intersected with shapes marked with tags given to b=, then unioned with all other shapes.
intersect("pole", "cap")
cube(100, center=true)
attach([TOP,RIGHT]) {
cube([40,40,80],center=true, $tags="pole");
sphere(d=40*sqrt(2), $tags="cap");
}
If the keep= argument is given, anything marked with tags passed to it will be unioned with
the result of the union:
intersect("bounds", keep="pole")
cube(100, center=true) {
cylinder(h=100, d1=120, d2=95, center=true, $fn=72, $tags="bounds");
zrot(45) xcyl(h=140, d=20, $fn=36, $tags="pole");
}
hulling(a)
You can use the hulling() module to hull shapes marked with a given tag together, before
unioning the result with every other shape.
hulling("hull")
cube(50, center=true, $tags="hull") {
cyl(h=100, d=20);
xcyl(h=100, d=20, $tags="pole");
}
Masking Children
TBW
Coloring Attachables
TBW
Making Attachables
To make a shape attachable, you just need to wrap it with an attachable() module with a
basic description of the shape's geometry. By default, the shape is expected to be centered
at the origin. The attachable() module expects exactly two children. The first will be
the shape to make attachable, and the second will be children(), literally.
Prismoidal/Cuboidal Attachables
To make a cuboidal or prismoidal shape attachable, you use the size, size2, and offset
arguments of attachable().
In the most basic form, where the shape in fully cuboid, with top and bottom of the same size,
and directly over one another, you can just use size=.
module cubic_barbell(s=100, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, size=[s*3,s,s]) {
union() {
xcopies(2*s) cube(s, center=true);
xcyl(h=2*s, d=s/4);
}
children();
}
}
cubic_barbell(100);
When the shape is prismoidal, where the top is a different size from the bottom, you can use
the size2= argument as well.
module prismoidal(size=[100,100,100], scale=0.5, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, size=size, size2=[size.x, size.y]*scale) {
hull() {
up(size.z/2-0.005)
linear_extrude(height=0.01, center=true)
square([size.x,size.y]*scale, center=true);
down(size.z/2-0.005)
linear_extrude(height=0.01, center=true)
square([size.x,size.y], center=true);
}
children();
}
}
prismoidal([100,60,30], scale=0.5);
When the top of the prismoid can be shifted away from directly above the bottom, you can use
the shift= argument.
module prismoidal(size=[100,100,100], scale=0.5, shift=[0,0], anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, size=size, size2=[size.x, size.y]*scale, shift=shift) {
hull() {
translate([shift.x, shift.y, size.z/2-0.005])
linear_extrude(height=0.01, center=true)
square([size.x,size.y]*scale, center=true);
down(size.z/2-0.005)
linear_extrude(height=0.01, center=true)
square([size.x,size.y], center=true);
}
children();
}
}
prismoidal([100,60,30], scale=0.5, shift=[-30,20]);
In the case that the prismoid is not oriented vertically, you can use the axis= argument.
module yprismoidal(
size=[100,100,100], scale=0.5, shift=[0,0],
anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP
) {
attachable(
anchor, spin, orient,
size=size, size2=point2d(size)*scale,
shift=shift, axis=BACK
) {
xrot(-90) hull() {
translate([shift.x, shift.y, size.z/2-0.005])
linear_extrude(height=0.01, center=true)
square([size.x,size.y]*scale, center=true);
down(size.z/2-0.005)
linear_extrude(height=0.01, center=true)
square([size.x,size.y], center=true);
}
children();
}
}
yprismoidal([100,60,30], scale=1.5, shift=[20,20]);
Cylindrical Attachables
To make a cylindrical shape attachable, you use the l, and r/d, args of attachable().
module twistar(l,r,d, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
r = get_radius(r=r,d=d,dflt=1);
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, r=r, l=l) {
linear_extrude(height=l, twist=90, slices=20, center=true, convexity=4)
star(n=20, r=r, ir=r*0.9);
children();
}
}
twistar(l=100, r=40);
If the cylinder is elipsoidal in shape, you can pass the inequal X/Y sizes as a 2-item vector
to the r= or d= argument.
module ovalstar(l,rx,ry, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, r=[rx,ry], l=l) {
linear_extrude(height=l, center=true, convexity=4)
scale([1,ry/rx,1])
star(n=20, r=rx, ir=rx*0.9);
children();
}
}
ovalstar(l=100, rx=50, ry=30);
For cylindrical shapes that arent oriented vertically, use the axis= argument.
module ytwistar(l,r,d, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
r = get_radius(r=r,d=d,dflt=1);
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, r=r, l=l) {
xrot(-90)
linear_extrude(height=l, twist=90, slices=20, center=true, convexity=4)
star(n=20, r=r, ir=r*0.9);
children();
}
}
ytwistar(l=100, r=40);
Conical Attachables
To make a conical shape attachable, you use the l, r1/d1, and r2/d2, args of
attachable().
module twistar(l, r,r1,r2, d,d1,d2, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
r1 = get_radius(r1=r1,r=r,d1=d1,d=d,dflt=1);
r2 = get_radius(r1=r2,r=r,d1=d2,d=d,dflt=1);
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, r1=r1, r2=r2, l=l) {
linear_extrude(height=l, twist=90, scale=r2/r1, slices=20, center=true, convexity=4)
star(n=20, r=r1, ir=r1*0.9);
children();
}
}
twistar(l=100, r1=40, r2=20);
If the cone is elipsoidal in shape, you can pass the inequal X/Y sizes as a 2-item vectors
to the r1=/r2= or d1=/d2= arguments.
module ovalish(l,rx1,ry1,rx2,ry2, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, r1=[rx1,ry1], r2=[rx2,ry2], l=l) {
hull() {
up(l/2-0.005)
linear_extrude(height=0.01, center=true)
scale([1,ry2/rx2,1])
oval([rx2,ry2]);
down(l/2-0.005)
linear_extrude(height=0.01, center=true)
scale([1,ry1/rx1,1])
oval([rx1,ry1]);
}
children();
}
}
ovalish(l=100, rx1=40, ry1=30, rx2=30, ry2=40);
For conical shapes that are not oriented vertically, use the axis= argument.
module ytwistar(l, r,r1,r2, d,d1,d2, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
r1 = get_radius(r1=r1,r=r,d1=d1,d=d,dflt=1);
r2 = get_radius(r1=r2,r=r,d1=d2,d=d,dflt=1);
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, r1=r1, r2=r2, l=l, axis=BACK) {
xrot(-90)
linear_extrude(height=l, twist=90, scale=r2/r1, slices=20, center=true, convexity=4)
star(n=20, r=r1, ir=r1*0.9);
children();
}
}
ytwistar(l=100, r1=40, r2=20);
Spherical Attachables
To make a spherical shape attachable, you use the r/d args of attachable().
module spikeball(r, d, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
r = get_radius(r=r,d=d,dflt=1);
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, r=r*1.1) {
union() {
ovoid_spread(r=r, n=512, cone_ang=180) cylinder(r1=r/10, r2=0, h=r/10);
sphere(r=r);
}
children();
}
}
spikeball(r=50);
If the shape is more of an ovoid, you can pass a 3-item vector of sizes to r= or d=.
module spikeball(r, d, scale, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
r = get_radius(r=r,d=d,dflt=1);
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, r=r*1.1*scale) {
union() {
ovoid_spread(r=r, n=512, scale=scale, cone_ang=180) cylinder(r1=r/10, r2=0, h=r/10);
scale(scale) sphere(r=r);
}
children();
}
}
spikeball(r=50, scale=[0.75,1,1.5]);
VNF Attachables
If the shape just doesn't fit into any of the above categories, and you constructed it as a
VNF, you can use the VNF itself to describe the geometry with the vnf= argument.
There are two variations to how anchoring can work for VNFs. When extents=true, (the default)
then a plane is projected out from the origin, perpendicularly in the direction of the anchor,
to the furthest distance that intersects with the VNF shape. The anchorpoint is then the
center of the points that still intersect that plane.
module stellate_cube(s=100, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
s2 = 3 * s;
verts = [
[0,0,-s2*sqrt(2)/2],
each down(s/2, p=path3d(square(s,center=true))),
each zrot(45, p=path3d(square(s2,center=true))),
each up(s/2, p=path3d(square(s,center=true))),
[0,0,s2*sqrt(2)/2]
];
faces = [
[0,2,1], [0,3,2], [0,4,3], [0,1,4],
[1,2,6], [1,6,9], [6,10,9], [2,10,6],
[1,5,4], [1,9,5], [9,12,5], [5,12,4],
[4,8,3], [4,12,8], [12,11,8], [11,3,8],
[2,3,7], [3,11,7], [7,11,10], [2,7,10],
[9,10,13], [10,11,13], [11,12,13], [12,9,13]
];
vnf = [verts, faces];
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, vnf=vnf) {
vnf_polyhedron(vnf);
children();
}
}
stellate_cube(25) {
attach(UP+RIGHT) {
anchor_arrow(20);
%cube([100,100,0.1],center=true);
}
}
When extents=false, then the anchorpoint will be the furthest intersection of the VNF with
the anchor ray from the origin. The orientation of the anchorpoint will be the normal of the
face at the intersection. If the intersection is at an edge or corner, then the orientation
will bisect the angles between the faces.
module stellate_cube(s=100, anchor=CENTER, spin=0, orient=UP) {
s2 = 3 * s;
verts = [
[0,0,-s2*sqrt(2)/2],
each down(s/2, p=path3d(square(s,center=true))),
each zrot(45, p=path3d(square(s2,center=true))),
each up(s/2, p=path3d(square(s,center=true))),
[0,0,s2*sqrt(2)/2]
];
faces = [
[0,2,1], [0,3,2], [0,4,3], [0,1,4],
[1,2,6], [1,6,9], [6,10,9], [2,10,6],
[1,5,4], [1,9,5], [9,12,5], [5,12,4],
[4,8,3], [4,12,8], [12,11,8], [11,3,8],
[2,3,7], [3,11,7], [7,11,10], [2,7,10],
[9,10,13], [10,11,13], [11,12,13], [12,9,13]
];
vnf = [verts, faces];
attachable(anchor,spin,orient, vnf=vnf, extents=false) {
vnf_polyhedron(vnf);
children();
}
}
stellate_cube() show_anchors(50);
Making Named Anchors
TBW